Health Care System Evolution

This paper is an overview about the evolution of the US health care system from the Great Depression to the current Health Reform Bill. I will give an understanding to Medicare and Medicaid program, which also will include a history of these two programs. Even though these two programs are a very complex in helping many poor, elderly, people with certain disabilities, and as well as low income pregnant women they are getting the care that they need as well as what they deserve. Health Care System Evolution, Medicare/Medicaid. Without the introduction of Medicare/Medicaid in July 1965 there would be many problems in the United States today. We would probably have disease outbreaks, and a large population without any health cost coverage. I believe that many people would not go to see a doctor because the cost of private medical care would be too expensive. I also believe that if Medicare and Medicaid did not come into existence that there would be mast amount of death in this country. Between the Great Depression through July 1965 health care had numerous debates in this country. In the 1930s a third-party payer health insurance was introduced including Blue Cross and Blue Shield and others to cover the cost of care in the event of illness or accidents. This only helped the people who could afford private insurance. The United States still was in need of helping the poor and uninsured. In the 1930s the Social Security Act supported public health care for just mothers and children. There was still a great demand to help all other uninsured people. After World War II the government supported and idea for public financed health insurance. In 1959 the Department of Health and Human Services helped in providing hospital insurance to Social Security beneficiaries. In the early 1960s Congress passed the Kerr-Mills bill, which helped the elderly that weren’t the poorest but who still needed assistance with medical expenses. President John F. Kennedy helped in the start of the 1965 bill for Medicare and Medicaid. This bill was known as the King-Anderson bill. This amended the Social Security Act and this covered hospital and nursing home costs for people over the age of 65. In July 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Social Security Amendment into law. With that signing of this law came the introduction of Medicare and Medicaid. Today Medicare/Medicaid has helped millions of elderly, low-income people, people with certain disabilities, and low-income pregnant women have health care because of this law. This program helps pay for services such as hospitals, physician visits, and preventive benefits. Medicaid and Medicare are two of the most enduring social programs in the US, providing different services to different groups of people. †1 Medicaid is a state administrated program, so each state varies in there program. Medicaid is also based on their income. Unfortunately, if their income is too high they will not be eligible for Medicaid. In 1990 the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act that requires state Medicaid care program s to cover the premiums for children ages six to eighteen whose family’s income is between 100-120% the federal poverty level. In 1997 the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) was introduced. This program helps states to receive federal money for uninsured children whose families are not eligible for Medicaid due to their income exceeds the limit for Medicaid. In 1976 formed the Health Care Financing Administration which is a division of the Department of Health and Human Services, then in 2001 the name was changed to Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). Medicare is a social insurance program that provides health coverage to individuals, without regard to their income or health status. †3 Medicare provides health insurance to people over the age of 65, people with certain types of disabilities and people of all ages with kidney failure. The Medicare program is funded two ways, one by people that paid into most of their working lives by payroll tax revenues, and secondly premiums paid by beneficiaries of the Medicare program. â€Å"Medicare has been one of the fastest growing federal programs. 2 Medicare is broken down to four parts, Part A is the hospital insurance and with this part of insurance all persons aged 65 and older are automatically entitled to this benefit. Part A is broken down to inpatient hospital care, skilled nursing facility care, home health agency and hospice care. Part B is a supplementary medical insurance, which is available to people over the age of 65, which people must paid for through monthly premiums. Part C is the Medicare Advantage that is a set of options for health care under a managed care plan. Then in 2006 Medicare put into law a plan for prescription drugs which is Part D. With these two programs in the United States today helps the poor, elderly, people with certain disabilities get the care that they need and deserve. Today with unemployment at all time high and many baby boomers that will be in need of some type of health insurance; the inception of a new health plan became law. In the year 2010, President Obama signed into law the Health Reform Bill. This will give health insurance to all people. This reform will strengthen Medicare benefits by providing lower prescription drug costs and this will also give a chance to the people who didn’t qualify for Medicaid received the care they need. The reform law will help with Medicare/Medicaid fraud as well as stopping the abuse of Medicare/Medicaid to save taxpayers money. Medicare and Medicaid have come a long way from the Great Depression. I know that there are many abuses within the system and with this new reform bill I do hope that this system will change, because everyone deserves that right health care and to be a healthy person.

Lynda Smith “Disconnected” Rhetorical Summary Essay

In her essay, â€Å"Disconnected†, Lynda Smith apprehends that today’s technological forward movements are taking over our basic human interactions. She explains that we are being brainwashed into believing that cell phone, computers and other technological gadgets help us to stay connected smoothly and instantaneously. Although the reality is by using these gadgets we are not experiencing face to face communications, instead we are separating from each other. Lynda Smith tries to connect with readers emotions by pointing out misleading cell phone carrier commercials and slogans. Smith also uses further facts to support her claims, that these companies have lied to us and succeeded by providing false information by repetition. Which causal has the customer believe these companies are trustworthy and customer friendly. Even more she uses CIA’s data base information to show the number of cell phone and internet users to conclude her theory on commercials influencing our choices to purchase these services. Furthermore, Smith connects with people who have been affected by advertising and cell phone carries enormous number of cell phone users. Smith’s example portrays a men who was lead to believe, he would save time by owning a cell phone, while the truth is there is no saving time. Big corporations are just out to warp our sense of time so that we really end up with less, while still buying their products, and jumping on the bandwagon. Smith ends her arguments by stating we all have individual choice to decide how we communicate with our close once. Will it be by fast forwarding technology, or face to face interaction, either way we need to keep updated with technology in order progress forwards but we can not depend on it.

Public health nurse interventions and recommendations Assignment

Public health nurse interventions and recommendations - Assignment Example Most are poisoned at around their homes when they are exposed to lead-contaminated dust at harmful levels, deteriorated lead- based paint and also contaminated soil. To control lead poisoning, local advocates can target potential hot spots for lead poisoning, educate people and also policy makers on the extent and severity of lead poisoning and use the media in advocacy. The affected state should connect with lead poisoning prevention advocacy groups to make assist each other in fighting against lead poisoning. Also by learning on the number of affected children’s and collecting their blood samples will assist in making of policies meant for control of lead poisoning. Superfund sites have been ranked as the worst toxic waste sites. Around 11 million people in US and 3-4 million children live within the outcasts of federal superfund site making it a potential health risk. Most of the states have been affected by poor air quality due to smog and soot caused by six ubiquitous pollutants. Over 170 million people in America live in areas where federal air quality standards are not met. This poses them to health risks of heart and lung diseases and premature deaths. They lead to depletion of ozone layer and triggers asthma attacks. To curb the problem, the government should impose laws and regulations governing the industries in need to purify their wastes before releasing them to the environment. The water quality remains a challenge in the US even if waterways has become cleaned and discharged as well as sewage treatment has been controlled. The industrial wastes should be treated before being discharged into the water. Animal wastes produced by the intensive livestock operations with more firms have readily contributed to pollution. Proper animal wastes treatment practices should be adequate to protect water and environment

Genetics Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Genetics - Lab Report Example Therefore, during the meiosis, four meiotic sexual haploid cells with altered heredity are produced and then genetic information is mixed. The second meiotic division is the same as mitosis one. As in mitosis, in meiotic anaphase II the single sister chromosomes (called chromatids) separate and move to opposite poles of the cell1. Meiosis is the basis of sexual reproduction because it occurs in maturing germ cells and leads to the appearing of new hereditary characteristics in the chromosomes. Gene is the coding DNA sequence that placed in the specific locus on the chromosome. Such coded chains displayed in different traits, such as color of skin or length of the stem. Allele is a variant of gene and can be dominant or recessive. For example, in diploid organism one gene contains two alleles; therefore, traits can be different. If both alleles are identical, the gene locus is homogenous. When alleles are different, such gene locus called heterogenic. A good example is the Huntington disease. Huntingtons disease has the autosomal dominant inheritance. Consequently, an affected person has at least one mutant allele of Huntingtin gene (HTT)2. The child, whose one parent is homogenous by disease, carries two different alleles of the HTT gene and is heterogenic by this gene. Therefore, this child inherited a mutant allele of HTT gene and the Huntingtons disease will progress. Another example is blood groups. Gene locus that encoded blood groups has three alleles — IA, IB, and IO3. These alleles determine compatibility of blood transfusions. The person carries one of the six possible genotypes – AA, AB, BB, AO, BO and OO. Each of genotypes produce one of the four possible phenotypes: "AB" heterozygotes, and "O" homozygotes, "A" AA homozygous and AO heterozygous and "B" BB homozygous and BO heterozygous genotypes4. Crossing-over is the process that occurs in prophase I of meiosis while homologous chromosomes

What negotiating capabilities and negotiation strategies that a Essay

What negotiating capabilities and negotiation strategies that a company or an organization has to develop to deal with global recession in 21st century - Essay Example This is because how organizations negotiate has an impact on the bottom line of the company. The model of the corporation as a barging entity is not new, but remains relatively under utilized. There may be numerous negotiations to be done, being undertaken at any given point in time at the same time2. The importance of these deliberations collectively may be very significant, yet organizations continue to handle each one individually, without any metrics, governance and or standard process for success in place. So as to achieve some leverage in these hard economic times occasioned by the recession, it’s important to put in place some guiding principles such as demanding that all negotiations in excess of a given amount should apply the corporate negotiation tactic and supporting tools3. It’s also important that all purchasing and sales personnel should be trained in both basic and advanced negotiation

Critique of a Memo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critique of a Memo - Essay Example It also gives recommendations based on the costs analysis and the employees’ opinions. The analysis of the overtime cost shows that the addition of 150 units daily would costs about 388.54 or 2.59 dollars per unit. On the contrary, the cost of the extra 150 units daily in the second shift would be about 421 or 2.81 dollars in every unit. The analysis clearly shows that the use of overtime will be less costly compared to the second shift production by about 0.22 dollars and 32.32 dollars per unit. However, the corporation should execute the second shift strategy since employees are not willing to work extra hours. The company should not force the workers to work overtime. The use of visuals has been used for easier comprehension of analysis of the cost. They have helped in showing the comparison of the cost of the two strategies. However, I think there is need for improvement in the use of visuals. For instance, the tables and the graphs do not show the precise costs of every unit in every strategy used. I think I should have given the average cost of one unit in another column on the tables. For instance, the title of the tables explains that the table is supposed to give the cost per unit. However, this is not what has been presented in the table. It only shows the cost of between 75 units to 600 units. I think I also presented my arguments clearly with the support of the analysis. For instance, I was able to prove that the use of overtime will be less expensive compared to production shift. In addition, I supported my argument as to why the organization should not implement the overtime strategy based on workers’ negative attitudes towards it. However, I think I should have supported this argument by explaining the exact reasons for the worker’s rejection of the overtime strategy. I also think that the precise explanations will improve the memo. For instance, in the recommendation section I should have explained why the cost of

Coach-athlete Relationship in Soccer Coursework

Coach-athlete Relationship in Soccer - Coursework Example Whether a boy athlete or a girl, every individual sportsperson enjoys a special relationship with his/her coach depending upon the exposure introduced by the coach to the athlete. This relationship allows the young athlete to explore his coach and understand his behaviours and moods as mutual understanding is essential in order to maintain a healthy coach-athlete association. Talent development is more vital than building sports ability levels. Expert coaches know when to push players and when to reduce the intensity of training and their expectations. However, no real evidence has been established to guide the coach or the athlete on how far they should push a young player towards attaining appropriate level of intensity. Moreover, the tolerance levels and subsequent benefit to individual young players may require individual attention (e.g. physiological and psychological requirements). In this sense coaches tend to be reliant on personal craft knowledge and experience. Moderation of effort and potential 'drop out' may occur if harmony does not exist between coach and player. Some effort should be made to prevent this loss of talent by encouraging the player to gradually return to systematic training. The coach-athlete relationship is based on shared interests in accomplishing a task rather than on a personal or emotional issue. However it is the potential impact of the coach on the child's socialisation, development and progression that leads him towards success. Introduction There is no doubt that Soccer Academy has played a vital role in the development of young talent (Franks et al., 1999) and it would not be wrong to say that the Academy so far hires the leading coaches and trainers for the young athletes. Soccer Academy coaches' and management both appreciates that identifying young talented soccer players at an early stage and exposing talented players to specialised coaching and training accelerates and enhances the talent development process (Williams et al., 1999). The primary objective of the Academy is to groom the players towards success on the playing field. In this sense, success is inextricably linked with sound management, effective coaching, appropriate facilities and support mechanisms and, fundamentally, good quality players. The nature and function of elite youth player development are captured in this essay through highlighting the effectiveness of coach-athlete relationship. More specifically, by drawing on examples of good practice , some fundamental mechanisms and requirements of a successful coach are outlined. The more humanistic concepts of development emphasise a more caring and nurturing environment in which coach and athletes are encouraged to groom in a friendly environment. The elements of the athlete developmental process not only provide opportunities for soccer career, but also facilitate the production of a more intelligent player. The production of an intelligent player can provide 'added value' to an increasingly valuable commodity (e.g. an understanding of lifestyle management, self-awareness, an ability to respond to complex tactics and coach relations) (Richardson, 1999). Although no real evidence exists as to how this added value is realised within individual

CONTRACT MANUFACTURING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

CONTRACT MANUFACTURING - Essay Example This enables these organizations to dedicate their resources, time and workforce to the tasks that are central and pivotal to their primary business and at which, they are really good at (Krekora 2008). These companies approach the potential contract manufacturers with a specific process, design or prototype. The contract manufacturers quote their price, while taking into consideration, the procedures, tools, labour, costs and inputs requisite for the product under consideration. In that context, the customer firms do prefer to procure multiple quotes from varied contract manufacturers. This enables them to maximize their profitability and quality, by selecting a bidder that is most capable and competitive in terms of price and technology. Once a contract manufacturer is selected, one takes care of all the procurement, manufacturing, logistics and supply chain issues associated with the assigned task. The task may involve the manufacturing of a complete product, to the assembly of specific components. Thus, contract manufacturing is one form of outsourcing. There exist many reputed and established brands that opt to go for contract manufacturing, instead of maintaining their own pl ants and logistics facilities. Since 2005, this business practice has gained a solid foothold in the international pharmaceutical industry. Varied pragmatic and strategic reasons have contributed to this trend. In the current scenario, the international manufacturing industry affiliated to pharmaceuticals and drugs has exhibited an extensive growth. Major pharmaceutical companies in the developed and the developing world have finally come to the conclusion that they stand to reap massive benefits by going for outsourcing and contract manufacturing. Resorting to contract manufacturing enables these pharmaceutical companies to build on their overall production capacities, without incurring the commensurate

Evaluation report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Evaluation report - Assignment Example It has also helped me overcome my initial hesitation in confronting and communicating before an audience. Besides, the detailed lectures augmented by relevant notes from my tutor have helped me to organize my ideas and present them in a comprehensive and coherent manner through the assignments given in the class. Another significant aspect of the class has been the manner in which it has imbibed in me a sense of responsibility and the need to submit assignments in time by honoring the deadline. Thus, I have been able to hand in the print out of my assignment in time without any hassles. In view of the major benefits the class has offered me, I have not been able to discern any significant shortcomings in the class. The only minor issue that I can point out is the delay in updating the grades and communicating it so that I can know my position. I personally feel that if instructor could return the marked assignments with feedback a bit earlier, it will help the students to avoid similar mistakes in the next assignments. Such feedback, if received earlier, will help them to significantly increase their scores in future tasks. Similarly, it will make the learning process easier and less cumbersome, if the assignments during summer are reduced as this is not a convenient season to spend long hours on

Documentation Requirements for the Acute Care Inpatient Record Essay Example for Free

Documentation Requirements for the Acute Care Inpatient Record Essay The medical record is a tool for collecting, storing, and processing patient information. Records are being used daily for a multitude of purposes, including: providing a means of communication between the physician and the other members of the healthcare team caring for the patient providing a basis for evaluating the adequacy and appropriateness of care providing data to substantiate insurance claims protecting the legal interests of the patient, the facility, and the physician   providing clinical data for research and education ? General Guidelines for Patient Record Documentation ?†¢ Each hospital should have policies that ensure uniformity of both content and format of the patient record based on all applicable accreditation standards, federal and state regulations, payer requirements, and professional practice standards. ?†¢ The patient record should be organized systematically to facilitate data retrieval and compilation. ?†¢ Only persons authorized by the hospital’s policies to document in the patient record should do so. This information should be recorded in the medical staff rules and regulations and/or the hospital’s administrative policies. ?†¢ Hospital policy and/or medical staff rules and regulations should specify who may receive and transcribe a physician’s verbal orders. ?†¢ Patient record entries should be documented at the time the treatment they describe is rendered. ?†¢ Authors of all entries should be clearly identifiable. ?†¢ Abbreviations and symbols in the patient record are permitted only when approved according to hospital and medical staff bylaws, rules, and regulations. All entries in the patient records should be permanent. †¢ Errors should be corrected as follows: draw a single line in ink through the incorrect entry, and print error at the top of the entry with a legal signature or initials, date, time, title, reason for change, and discipline of the person making the correction. Errors must never be obliterated. The existing entry should be left intact with corrections entered in chronological order. Late entries should be labeled as such. ?†¢ In the event the patient wishes to amend information in the record, it shall be done as an addendum, without change to the original entry, and shall be clearly identified as an additional document appended to he original patient record at the direction of the patient, who will thereafter bear responsibility for the explaining the change. The health information department should develop, implement, and evaluate policies and procedures related to quantitative and qualitative analysis of patient records. ?†¢ Review any requirements outlined in state law, regulation, or healthcare facility licensure standards as they relate to documentation requirements. If your state requires that verbal orders be authenticated within a specified time frame, accrediting and licensing agencies will survey for compliance with that requirement.

The Impacts Of The Great Exhibition History Essay

The Impacts Of The Great Exhibition History Essay The Great Exhibition of 1851 in The Crystal Palace at Hyde Park was arguably the pinnacle of showing off Victorian Britain (in all its might, power, status, splendour and beauty) all in the luxury and elegance as befitted the worlds greatest empire and power at the height of the British Empire. It was a marvellous opportunity and event to showcase (in nationalistic patriotistic pride) great science and technological advances of Britain to (and for the first time) to both international and domestic countries. The exhibition was meant to showcase and highlight and illuminate how young, exciting and inspirational Victorian Britain was and how it was full of great ideas and innovations- some of which were worldwide firsts and to be treasured and valued highly. The honour and glory of Victorian Britain was on full public display and every class was somehow affected and involved. This essay will examine, describe and critically evaluate and explain the legacy of the Great Exhibition of 185 1 which specific and special attention to science and technological impacts. The elite landed and titled upper and middle classes tended overwhelmingly to dominate and form the majority in high society events and exhibits such as the great science and technology on display at the Great Exhibition of 1851 and was no exception to this rule. Specifically this essay will discuss the collection that was made and redisplayed when the original exhibition closed; other exhibitions that followed in other cities; the development of the various museums around South Kensington in London; also the development of various educational institutions and museums around South Kensington (including the Science Museum, and the Victoria and Albert Museum), partly because of the money made (the exhibition was a great success) and the fact that they had to do something with the exhibits which exhibitors didnt want to take back, and also the string of international exhibitions following the 1851 one (e.g., i n Paris etc) where e.g., electricity etc were displayed excitingly. The legacy of the Great Exhibition has been too narrowly researched and studied and to get a sense of the legacy of the Great Exhibition we have to cast the net wide  [1]  . Even though the Exhibition was popular and successful apathy and disinterest did increase at such a highly organised culture  [2]  Prince Alberts dreams, wishes, hopes and desires and aims were not fully met. Specifically and especially and particularly on the legacy for science museums to science grew in number and spread and  [3]  The legacy of the Crystal Palace suggests once again that Victorian science was not really a value-free search for natural truths- instead it was an enterprise that engaged God and capitalism, entertainment and commerce, the moral and the useful, science and show The effects on technology were instrumental too; The Great Exhibition broke down barriers and obstacles of secrecy and privacy that had for ages stopped the growth of the transitional spread of technical informati on across businesses and organisations. They were also a value-free place for new technologies to be showcased, tested live and promoted and judged and brought and publicised.  [4]  Punch tried so hard to degrade and poke fun and discredit and devalue the Great Exhibition of 1851 due to its racism, oppression and domination and the rampant big gap between the richer and poorer but Nevertheless, it cannot forget that popular opinion finds the Exhibition exciting and amazing and Punch, in the end, cannot escape the popular nationalist rhetoric of dominant Great Exhibition commentaries  [5]  . The Exhibition also had darker meanings it was already at work in half-hidden ways rewriting and transforming that culture  [6]  and internal displacement and dispossession  [7]  and .Hidden darker meanings and purposes behind the bright, light, facades (as a distraction and rouse).  [8]  Overall, the great ideals of Prince Albert were ultimately finally successful in time and space Prince Alberts dream of an international centre celebrating the arts and sciences has been achieved, through the determination and dedication of those who served the Commission over the intervening century and a half, either as members or officers. They have created the world-class museums of art and science which he wanted to see, founded in the wake of the successful international exhibition, and colleges in both cultures now train students from all over the world. Albertopolis celebrates its founders ideals and ambitions for his adopted country, but also exemplifies the truly international quality of the man himself and the institutions he created.  [9]  Prince Alberts dreams, wishes, hopes and desires and ambitions may have been lofty and some thought unattainable were in time gradually became realistic and attainable and achievable as the Prince was not naive and too ambitious he was actually as well also pragmatic methodical and sensible who kept in touch with real world practical applications as well as making grand bold claims. Changing perceptions and realities were instrumental to the legacy of the Great Exhibition of 1851. The socio-economic climate changed so much in the Victorian Period that fashions came and went. Eventually, around the turn of the century, the Crystal Palace euphoria began to wane. This was partly to do with changing notions of recreation, which no longer revolved around education, and partly the result of a wider education in support for Victorian values like free trade and cosmopolitanism which the Exhibition had propounded, and which had given the building symbolic value  [10]  The science and technology legacy of the Great Exhibition was a great forerunner and forethought and started the increasing modernisation and industrialisation of modern contemporary Britain  [11]  The main significance of the Great Exhibition was that it helped to harness the forces of industrialisation and, by making them acceptable, promote them in Britain and the world. There were many different groups involved in the event, and the aims of the Exhibition were various and often contradictory. In total, however, they represented a push for modernisation that helped overcome obstacles which still existed mid-century. This process continues down to the present. This type of rhetoric created for the first time in support of the Exhibition is still used to support technological progress, industrialisation, and globalisation today. The Great Exhibition was a dramatic contribution to the creation of the modern industrialised society in which we live.  [12]   Linked and mixed within the legacy of the Great Exhibition is not just science and technology but also inevitably and inexorably linked is the religious perception and reality. Most of the strong religious opposition to the exhibition dated from the late 1850 and the early months of 1851 but had largely disappeared by the time of the grand opening. Even some of the periodicals that had earlier criticized the exhibition changed their opinion after the official opening and participated in the widespread euphoria and optimism that the exhibition engendered.  [13]  Most religious factions gave in and joined in the celebrations of the 1851 Great Exhibition. this crucial disparity allowed many religious contemporaries to hail the Exhibition as a religious event, while others, including most historians, view it as a thoroughly secular celebration of technology, industry, and commerce  [14]  Odd mixture of a religious or entirely politically non religious event. that energetically so ught to evangelize among the visitors- demonstrated that they came to view the Exhibition as a crucially important event and one that required a decisive religious response.  [15]  Religion needed to be strongly represented and heard at the great exhibition of 1851. Thus while the organizers portrayed the Exhibition as a vehicle to disseminate peace and international brotherhood, many evangelicals perceived it as a prime opportunity to trumpet the pre-eminence of Protestantism and of England.  [16]  Indeed, for many of these writers the Exhibition served as an imperfect but humanly graspable model of the New Jerusalem. Most Christians, far from rejecting the Great Exhibition, welcomed it Could be seen as a great example of best practice for the whole world.  [17]  Thus while Catholics saw the Exhibition .oppression, the Anglo-Jewish elite perceived the successes of Jews in the Exhibition as legitimating the equality of the Jews at the height of the arguments over emancip ation. Secularists appeared to have been divided over the value of the Exhibition, with Owen in particular using it to propagate his messiac vision, while more radical Socialists saw only its social dangersBut for all three groups the Exhibition raised the issue of identity, as they struggled to position themselves in the religious landscapes of the mid-century.  [18]  Catholics saw it as exclusionary and exclusive; Jews saw it as a great opportunity to gain respect and admiration. Secularists had mixed views. Owen used it as a platform for his own views, opinions and ideals while other more radical people saw it only as subversive and dangerousmost of all it was a search for a concrete purpose for existence at all for religious groups. Like a number of other pacifists, Burritt considered that the Exhibition marked the start of a new era in world history, when the aura of peace and international cooperation would displace the old world of warring nations. While human willpower h ad an important role to play in ushering this new age, Burritts vision was deeply religious. The gathering of the nations in London was part of a divinely ordained plan and the fulfillment of prophecy. A new age was just beginning  [19]  Burritt and other such pacifists believed a new world order would come based on the lofty ideals of cooperation, respect, and peace and love rather than vicious factions ready for war forming and creating intense rivalries in naval and army power. Prince Albert not only stressed the importance of advancing industry and commerce through the exhibition, but also set this notion of material progress firmly within a religious frame. He envisaged the Exhibition as a divinely ordained event that would display Gods creation, advance Christianity, and engender both moral improvement and international peace  [20]  Prince Albert in greatly advocating and backing and supporting and patronising the Great Exhibition of 1851 believed it would be instrumen tal to the scientific and technological advancements moving forwards but within a secular way. This study has shown that many different aspects of religion entered the frame and that the Great Exhibition of 1851 cannot simply be portrayed as a secular event but also heralded an important moment in the religious world of early Victorian England. As one contemporary (John Stoughton) stated The Crystal Palace was a Monument of Christianity, From this perspective the significance of the Great Exhibition of 1851 lay in its profound yet multiple religious meanings.  [21]  So, The Great Exhibition of 1851, therefore, in conclusion, was a very important event not just for science and technology but for religion also too and that the varied and mixed responses highlight and illuminate this. The Great Exhibition of 1851 was the step to further equality and breaking down of barriers to the lower socio-economic groups who beforehand could only dream and wish of being close to the upper echelons of society were now in direct contact with them at the Great Exhibition of 1851,  [22]  The Crystal Palace was an apt if unconscious symbol of this new state of affairs: the walls were all of glass but the lower orders were now inside, joining in the funà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Bradford had such high quality  [23]  materials that it got prizes and awards. The mass movement of population streaming into London was followed in communities all across the country. It soon became apparent that 1851 would see by far the biggest influx of visitors that the capital had ever been required to endure. And many of its citizens were beginning to view the prospect with trepidation, even outright alarm  [24]  The upper classes and aristocracy feared in a very real and apparent way social revolu tion by the more lively and energetic revolting and dissenting lower classes and feared their dominance and strength and power may diminish and so it was very important to impose order and control.  [25]  There were late objections and difficulties by the exhibitors.  [26]  At least worries about the security and steadiness of the building were reducing  [27]  The Exhibitions were a colourful, varied mixture of real finds of great beauty or complexity or good practical applications but some were just for show in there by luck and chance and good fortune  [28]  . The British science and technology on display was the best most cutting edge of the period but also frivolous tat and educating others about how our natural resourcesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦fuel our role as a leading manufacturing nation..  [29]  There was the first real attempt to introduce foreign more exotic food and drink in the Great Exhibition of 1851 with regional dishes from all around the world. Although economically a failure Soyers Symposium was the first tentative step towards the cosmopolitainisation and worldwide influence on the English taste buds  [30]  The Great Exhibition of 1851 did not start the process of international cooperation and harmony as lots had feverishly wished for But it did herald changes in British society far more profound than its promoters could ever have imaginedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [31]  The Great Exhibition of 1851 somehow rallied together and strengthened and renewed and revived and refreshed a trust and faith and belief in the goodness of the monarchist system. There was a real reluctance and resistance to leaving for a few.  [32]  The legacy continued for the next three decades at least, as The Crystal Palace held regularly scheduled events and activities such as world record attempts, animal shows and all different kinds of exhibits and fairs such as floral shows and such like so on. Its last grand large scale event was the 1911 Festival o f Empire.  [33]  In 1851 the wonder and excitement at such a new and exciting Exhibition was very real and matchless. There were a succession and series of Great Exhibitions and Worlds Fairs from 1851 to 1939 never matching in a real way the grandeur and splendour or popularity or success of the initial landmark 1851 Great Exhibition. Exhibitions grew in strength and power and number in a way that was both gradual and hesitant but also was going to happen whether or not regardless of circumstance or situation  [34]  Exhibitions were both very expensive to run, but also had amazing potential as a centre for business and earning economic potential. They were intended to distract, indoctrinate, and unify a population  [35]  The Imperial displays at exhibitions filled a role which had been relentlessly demeaned undermined or sentimentalised since the fall of the orthodoxy conservative. European society and culture was very mixed up and muddled and conflicting and differing and confused in its intentions and purposes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The coming together of contradictory values at the exhibitions, w hereby positive notions of progress were buttressed against organised oppression and exploitation, says much about the plural morality in operation throughout European culture at the time. Ultimately, as with a vast number of cultural artefacts, it must be concluded that the exhibitions embodied neither good nor evil in any simple sense but were a complex mixture of bothà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [36]  The Exhibitors rather than breaking down inequality and hatred maybe even strengthened and increased the endemic racism and exploitation and oppression à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦one of the few levels where European Society operated in the absence of class was in the domain of racial prejudice. Messages phrased in consistent manner to all levels of society affirmed the inferiority of coloured peoplesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ with little good coming out of them in social, moral, or intellectual terms.  [37]  Before World War Two nations were able to put aside differences to exhibit together. Rather than culti vating understandings and cooperations as time went by nations refused and objected to exhibit with rival ideologies especially and particularly after WW2.  [38]  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦No international understanding, no growth of human fellowship, no reconciliation of peoples or nationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [39]  Art and fashion and architecture and design have gone downhill in quality and inventiveness and originality after WW2.  [40]  There was no massive greater equality for women in the twentieth century with regards to women exhibiting and being exhibited à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦In fact this has not been the case, much of the twentieth century being little better than the nineteenth in terms of the presence of women artists in expositions, galleries and museumsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [41]  It was wrong to overstate or over exaggerate The Fine Arts role in exhibitions and worlds fairs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Having said this, without the fine arts, as elite and rarified as they were prone to be, the exhibitions would have lacked one of the conceptual elements which keep them perennially interestingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.  [42]   The outward image the exhibition gave was very important and was negotiated and compromised and debated over at length and breadth. What should be clear though from the outset is that the exhibition lacked any crude or fixed ideology. Rather, its organisation reflects many different objectivesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [43]  Rather than universally maintained with the British people, they turned to the idea with scepticism and distrust and criticism. Britons did not immediately support the idea, as outcries over the contract and the building should have been made clear. Resolving these disputes was only a stop gap measure for the organisers, at best, an exercise in damage control (had to act as mediators and peacekeepers)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Critical to the success of the exhibition would be the commissions ability to sell the plan to the public in a positive way, to promote and publicise the exhibition to the entire nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [44]  The Great Exhibition was not just an isolated metaphorical event but it had purpose and meaning too and it had to be marketed, branded and promoted for it to be a success but it was not just an ideological tool for increasing nationalism and patriotism as its meanings it projected were mixed and unstable.  [45]  The Great Exhibition recemented and reminded of Britains high and special and grand status of a leading scientific and technological nation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦It meant hand-crafted as much as machine-made goods. It mean small-scale as much as large-scale production. And it meant finding a balance of both arts and manufacturers, of commerce and cultureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [46]  The Great Exhibition showed that even though Britain was deeply split in socio-economic and cultural and political terms it was still united There was in a sense, both integration and segregation..  [47]  There was an altogether more darker and sinister and revealing and illuminating other alternative purpose to the Exhibition that instead of all being about peace and love and harmony and reversing barriers that pre existed to greater integration and cooperation the population at large also saw it as a great competition to promote British greatness and its own meanings for existence by making fun of exotic other countries though humiliation, demonization and oppression and exploitation. Its greatest most lasting legacy was that it was greatly highly valued and treasured and famous internationally and domestically. From its construction in 1854 until its destruction in 1936, the Crystal Palace in Sydenham, far more than the memory of the Great Exhibition in Hyde Park remained an enduring symbol of the nation. It was the icon that foreigners such as Dostoyevsky and Taine and nationals such as Disraeli and Gissing pointed to as the barometer of Britains successes and failures, its character and orientation  [48]  There was no single unified meaning or purpose to the exhibition as the purposes and meanings were flexible and changed through time and space. For some it symbolised progression (and a nation at the height of strength, influence and power); for others it stood for all that was incorrect with Victorian Society (such as the extravagance and inequality and opulent luxuriousness and racism and oppression and exploitation). For some it was the eighth wonder of the world, an Arabian nights palace; for others it was ugly, full of old things. All of these debates, both at the time of the exhibition and since, have really been about the nature, or identity, of Britain. That the exhibition put Britain on display there is little doubt. What is, and always will be, open to question is just which visions and versions of Britain it exhibited.  [49]   The Great Exhibition carefully and methodically projected Britain to the wider world somewhat illogically. What Britain was was open to debate, negotiation and discussion. It was a chance and opportunity to reflect in a fair and accurate way to the world what Britain was like to live and work in and how it was seen to the world was of prime importance. Peoples perception at large of Britain (at the time of the Great Exhibition of 1851) needed to match the realities of living and working in Britain in the Victorian Period. Overall, it was a massive opportunity to market, promote, brand, and sell Britain as a destination to the world (internationally) like never before rather than just to the British residents (domestically and locally). The Great Exhibition therefore needed to be grand, theatrical, over the top, large, and popular and entertaining as well as teaching and learning and informing and educating the wider population. It had a difficult and challenging balancing act to jugg le and master. Greeces inclusion and partaking involvement in The Great Exhibition of 1851 was a extraordinary, amazing, surprising, unusual and odd due to its old fashioned conditions and very little growth expansion and progress rate and circumstances and situations of the Victorian Era and how backwards Greece was.  [50]  Americas involvement won over the hearts and minds of the doubters and deniers of America as a nation and it demanded attention and respect and admiration.  [51]  The Great Exhibition of 1851 was unsurprisingly not the first Great Exhibition and in the 1810s to 1840s the lower socio-economic groups of society in the Institutes of the professions and working class labourers in the metropolitan and provincial areas formed their own fairs and exhibitions  [52]  . In conclusion, the 1851 Great Exhibition can be seen as a great watershed moment. The Victorian love affair and obsession with the public display and pageantry in galleries, museums and exhibitions (both public and private) had always been present but 1851 kick started and accelerated and increased an explosion of new activities and events in the display of science and technology and it was seen as a great success. The Great Exhibition of 1851 touched society in cultural, political, religious and social ways but it would take many more further future generations to see full equality (on gender, racial and class lines) be fully achieved. The Great Exhibition of 1851 especially and particularly was just one tentative hesitant event on the long road to changing society (in the rich tapestry of broader life). To fully erase and eradicate the dominance and subservience in Victorian society and culture (which was so widespread and commonplace) would take radical and far reaching new though ts and feelings and new laws, rules, governance and statutes. The greatest legacy of this one exhibition (upon reflection) is the continuing formalisation and institutionalisation of science and technology and the widening of public education in science and technology and the growing fascination and appreciation and respect and admiration of science and technology more generally. Although the Great Exhibition was a platform on which countries from around the world could display their achievements, Great Britain sought to prove its own dominance and preeminence.