Competitive Strategy Operating Business Processes

Question: Examine about the Competitive Strategy for Operating Business Processes. Answer: Presentation: Advancement should be significant for a large number of t firm working their business forms all through various pieces of the world. Advancement in the items and administrations has become the pattern all through the serious market territories. In addition, strategic the vision proclamation now and then influence the advancement of the items (Massa and Tucci, 2013). This especially influences the execution of the strategic policies of the relationship inside the focused on commercial centers. In addition, the definition or the real importance of development ought to be comprehended in a compelling manner. It is characterized to be the favored changes in the items alongside the administrations offered by the concerned firm as to build the selling of the items and this will help in bringing positive results for the firm (Gobble, 2014). There are a portion of the organizations who imagine that advancement is the plan to decrease the cost of the items or the administrations offered by th e firm. Apple is one of the main firms which have essentially embraced the ideal ideas of development as to enhance the selling of all its individual merchandise all through various market portions. The execution of the ideas of development in the plan of action has helped Apple to upgrade its compass universally all through various pieces of the world. At the end of the day, it turns out to be critical to comprehend the ideal significance and ideas of advancement as it helps in upgrading the turn of events and development of the firm (Amit and Zott, 2012). Moreover, Dell is another firm which makers the PCs and it has enhanced its items be decreasing the cost costs and change the highlights according to the requirements of the clients and this has helped in expanding the boundaries of the firm to a huge zone of the market fragment (Taran, 2012). There exists vital need to upgrade the inherent methods and lessening the operational expenses as to amplify the benefit of the concerned association. There are three of the imperative focuses which should be distinguished before development gets the opportunity to be imagined; they are the uniqueness of the thought, considering having unrivaled information in regards to advances and believing that achievement accompanies greater thoughts. Probably the best models from the market fragments are Nokia' don't gets changed and adhere to its own techniques and in this way the firm endured a misfortune though Samsung' changed according to the market necessities and raised the ideal change and increment its pace of gainfulness all through the concerned market territories. As, advancement drove business forms for the most part centers around inception, coordination, and ideation alongside the usage of the chose thought. IKEA is one of the main firms in the field of furniture making and this organization has upgraded the general execution of the firm by actualizing the ideas of plan of action development. The organization is occupied with giving smart and most recent plan of furnishings so as to catch a wide zone of the market portions. In addition, the organization utilizes the ideas of development as to expand the ideal pace of gainfulness in a wide zone of the market sections. There are various classifications of individuals having various wages and in this manner appropriation of the inventive thoughts will encourage the development of the firm chose. Pankaj Ghemawat: CAGE structure Enclosure is the ideal system created by Pankaj Ghemawat essentially dependent on the monetary exchange chances of various universal nations concerned. The system is basically formed encouraging four measurements like C for Cultural, A for regulatory, G for Geographic just as E for monetary (Ghemawat, 2013). The essential thoughts behind these measurements are not just up to the exchange cooperations transport different communications uncovering the distinctions which fundamentally exists behind these measurements all through the various nations. This procedure can be improved alongside the similitudes with these measurements (Ghemawat, 2015). On the off chance that one is thinking to have stock exchange, at that point the two organizations ought to have regular fringes, same per capita pay then it very well may be normal that these two concerned nations can exchange 10 to multiple times much with each other. Fundamentally, the system helped in assessing that the exchange needs to ob serve a few principles request to improve the viability of the exchange between these nations (Ghemawat and Altman, 2016). The effect of this structure is huge and the utility is as opposed to straightforward conversations according to a considerable lot of the nations are concerned. There are a few measurement that helps in understanding that why Canada is as yet the respective exchanging accomplice of US by and by. However, it is one of the tenth economies all through the world and in this manner it follows the CAGE system and along these lines, so as to upgrade the viability of the exchange rehearses the two of the nations concerned ought to comprehend the ideal components of the CAGE structure. As, Canada and U.S are the two of the nations that exchange with one another and stood cup on the CAGE structure. In this manner, it turns out to be progressively significant for any of the organizations to comprehend that the nations with which the birthplace nation is going to share the exchange ought to have the basic outskirts or ought to have regular language or they should remain on the enclosure structure as it helps coin expanding the pace of gainfulness for the whole exchange rehearses (Ghemawat and Altman, 2016). The social contrasts or the likenesses are of incredible significance and these should be assessed for an enormous scope as this aides in expanding the exchange practices to a huge degree. The monetary and the geographic conditions produce huge effect on the execution of the exchange and the strategic policies and consequently, it turns out to be critical to comprehend the job of these two measurements. References Amit, R. what's more, Zott, C., 2012. Making an incentive through plan of action innovation.MIT Sloan Management Review,53(3), p.41. Ghemawat, P. what's more, Altman, S.A., 2016. 6 The separation at the Industry and Company Levels.The Laws of Globalization and Business Applications, p.159. Ghemawat, P. what's more, Altman, S.A., 2016. 7 Distance and International Business Research.The Laws of Globalization and Business Applications, p.200. Ghemawat, P., 2013.Redefining worldwide procedure: Crossing fringes in reality as we know it where contrasts despite everything matter. Harvard Business Press. Ghemawat, P., 2015. From International Business to Intranational Business. InEmerging Economies and Multinational Enterprises(pp. 5-28). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Eat, M.M., 2014. Plan of action innovation.Research-Technology Management,57(6), pp.58-61. Massa, L. what's more, Tucci, C.L., 2013. Plan of action innovation.The Oxford Handbook of Innovation Management, pp.420-441. Taran, Y., 2012. Plan of action development.

Global Promotional Strategies Essay Example for Free

Worldwide Promotional Strategies Essay The worldwide organizations attempt to accomplish a key situation on each market they are available in. To arrive at that objective, organizations need to separate the items from contenders, while holding the expenses of market correspondence exercises at most minimal level. Additionally worldwide organizations need to put forth an attempt to support publicizing effort in all the business sectors in which there are available, in light of the fact that any place they live individuals will in general respond decidedly to organizations and items they think about. In this point, worldwide advancing procedures help brand nature, which assumes a significant job in the market. Worldwide advancement procedures can utilize a normalized subject all inclusive, however may need to make alterations for language or social contrasts. Points of interest: - Adaptation: Fully adjusting a promoting message for nearby markets. Changes may must be made because of media accessibility. - They have an elevated level of coordination of its market correspondence. - The organizations can alter items for various nations. Additionally new items are intended for remote markets. - To join all the distinctions into one item structure and present a worldwide item. - Standardization gives advantage, for example, cost sparing underway and advertising. Drawbacks: - It can cause correspondence issue dependent on verbal, pictorial, representative, informal dialects. - The item gives the purchaser a personality so they can place the shopper in awful circumstances, if the items have an issue. - Cultural contrasts need to acknowledge by the organizations before entering the market. For instance, when Barbie doll imported to China, purchaser didn't get one. Barbie was not related with Chinese show up, that is the reason kids would not like to play t with Barbie. From that point forward, the organization made new Barbie just looked like Chinese individuals; by then they got buyer intrigue. Taking everything into account, worldwide advancements methodologies are your weapon in this economy and it is dependent upon you to utilize them for your advantages or disappointment.

Dah noo-loo

Dah noo-loo Several weeks ago MIT had their famous fall Career Fair where hundreds of companies come and court hundreds of students. Its a time when students update resumes, dry clean suits, get hair cuts, and start practicing their talk to people not from MIT routines. Its funny, MIT is in a bubble in that, as an MIT student, you start to forget what the outside world is like. I remember during out field trip to Hasbro last year, we actually were given a 15 minute talk in the bus about how to behave while not at MIT. As students, we tend to forget that looking people in the eyes, not checking iPods and iPhones every 10 seconds, and acknowledging what people say is important. All of these skills are crucial when wooing the big corporations that you hope to work for in the summer. Last year I went to the career fair for all of the free swag, and free swag was what I got. This year it was all about the job. In my suit and with my fancy folder of resumes I spoke with a number of companies and handed out several resumes, topping the evening off with a nice networking dinner at the Hyatt hotel where I got some one-on-one time with some of the companies I was interested in. A job interview the next day and my career fair experience was concluded. I could go into greater depth about the career fair experience and spin a yarn about the multitude of well-dressed and groggy college students, but instead Id like to focus on one particular career fair attendee. Emily Conn 11 wanted a job in the Media Lab and in order to get the attention of the representative. While maybe not as controversial as other attention getters, seeing Emily pretty much made my day. This is what she was wearing: Thats right, a giant home-made (albeit, not by her), Furby costume. And it talked! Just sayin, hope she got the job. Any awesome costumes yall have made before? Im looking for ideas for Halloween this year.

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The Things They Carried By Leslie Marmon Silko s...

To war, or not to war, that is the question. In The Things They Carried, Tim O’Brien faces cultural, political, and social factors that end up leading him to forgo his plan to dodge the draft, and to report as instructed, a mere yards away from his destination of Canada (57). In Leslie Marmon Silko’s Ceremony, Rocky and Tayo, two young Native American men, experience cultural, political, and social factors that draw them into the Army, fighting the Second World War for a country that considers them less than human. The stories of these characters are not unique, they are stories that are representative of the stories of young American men at the time, who faced cultural, political, and social factors during both conflicts. The purpose of this inquiry essay is to determine what those factors were, and why they lead these men to willingly engage in two of the deadliest conflicts in human history. In Silko’s Ceremony, Rocky and Tayo eagerly enlist in the war effort against the Axis powers (66). This experience was not an uncommon one during the Second World War. According to Thomas Morgan’s excerpt Native Americans in World War II, one-third of all able bodied Native American men served during the war, making the contributions of Native Americans during the war greater than any other racial or ethnic group per capita. The overwhelming enlistment numbers of Native Americans prompted the Saturday Evening Post to editorialize, as quoted by Alison Bernstein, in The Chiefs Go to

Love from the Inside Free Essays

Shakespearean sonnet 130 â€Å"My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun;† is a sonnet written for the common man. It is written in such a simplistic way that anyone can understand the idea Shakespeare is trying to convey. Despite its simple outer appearance, sonnet ass’s internal mechanisms are used perfectly to further illustrate Shakespearean point. We will write a custom essay sample on Love from the Inside or any similar topic only for you Order Now By using the traditional format of a Shakespearean sonnet, focusing on the renaissances’ popular topic of love, and saturating this ideal, Shakespeare enforces the theme-outward appearances are insignificant-in all aspects of his sonnet. Sonnet 130 is easily identified as a Shakespearean sonnet because it contains all of the crucial aspects of one. It has 14 lines arranged in three quatrains and a couplet, an ABA CDC fee egg rhyme scheme written in iambic pentameter, as well as many examples of assonance and similes. The first line’s simile, â€Å"My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun;† (line 1) sets the whole mood of the piece by saying something the reader is definitely not expecting to hear. This isn’t the only simile used. Although this is the only line that has a â€Å"like† in it, there are other similes used throughout the sonnet where â€Å"like† or â€Å"as† are implied. â€Å"Coral is far more red than her lips’ red,† (line 2) is Just one example of this. â€Å"l have seen roses damasks, red and white/ But no such roses see I in her cheeks,† (Lines 5-6) is the only metaphor in the sonnet, every other comparison is an implied simile. Many of these similes also contained examples of assonance. â€Å"Nothing like the sun,† (Line 1) is a simple example of this. This sonnet is structured exactly how you would expect it to be, however the subject is addressed in such an unconventional way that it will throw you off. Just because all of the numbers look right on paper does not mean that the piece is Just like any other sonnet written in this format. It may share the same format with all of Shakespearean other sonnets, but the way it is written is quite different from all of them. It is satirical not serious. In the renaissance many authors and poets began to obsess on the idea of love. They viewed it as this perfect thing. So many ideas and opinions about love were thrown out in the form of plays, poems, songs, stories, etc. , that it became an unachievable dream due to the high expectations of the lovers. True love was between two perfect people, who looked and acted as such. It was not between two common people who were flawed in their appearance and stature. Shakespeare focuses on love in this sonnet Just as much as those writers and poets did in theirs; the difference is that Shakespeare plays on their perfect ideals to create a satiric portrayal of true love. He says the opposite of what he knows his reader expects to hear in the classic love poem. Instead of long luscious locks cascading down her back, â€Å"black wires grow on her head† (line 4). His mistress didn’t float across the ground like a goddess. She instead â€Å"treads on the ground† (line 12). Shakespeare doesn’t puff up the notion of love like so many of his colleagues do. He lays the truth out right in front of the reader. The image of love he puts in the reader’s mind is not one of beauty. In fact, Shakespeare challenged the says of the common Renaissance love writer in this sonnet by creating a detailed image of a very unattractive woman. A quick glance at the poem may cause you to interpret it as very unkind and degrading, but when you study it more closely you tint that it is actually very nearest and sincere. Tater the lover in this poem goes on and on for 12 lines about how ugly his mistress is, he sums up the true meaning of his rant in the final couplet, â€Å"And yet, by, heaven, I think my love as rare/ As any she belied with false compare. Lines 13-14) In two lines he summarized true love. Everyone feels that the person they love is most â€Å"rare† no matter how wiry their hair might be or how unhorse their cheeks are. There is so much more to love than simply looking the part on the outside, you have to feel it on the inside. Shakespeare wrote it down in this sonnet to show everyone that love is not this lofty expectation that only the best of the b est can achieve, it is an emotion shared by everyone no matter what you look like, or from what walk of life you come from. There is a lot to be learned room this sonnet. Not only do the words express a theme of loving inner beauty, but the format it is written in supports this lesson fully. Love in the Renaissance is explored in a unique way and leads to a moral that we can directly apply to our lives. Love is not a foreign concept to most people, understanding that the important part is on the inside is the only way for anyone to embrace love fully. By studying how the structure and format of the sonnet support Shakespearean idea that outward appearances are insignificant, we can learn to embrace love fully. How to cite Love from the Inside, Papers

Fictive Motion in Classical Chinese Poetry Essay Example For Students

Fictive Motion in Classical Chinese Poetry Essay In cognitive linguistic, fictive motion refers to the description of castles that do not really exist. In ancient Chinese literature, expressions such as ( ) and ( ) may well be a typical illustration of fictive motion. Others like fin -unlatch and are examples in classical Chinese poetry. Given the particular form of the latter, it is assumed that fictive motion has Its own way of exhibiting itself in this specific genre. With a collection of fictive motion sentences In Chinese verses and a detailed analysis, this paper attempts to discover the feature of fictive motion and the way by which it is construed in classical Chinese poetry. Key words: fictive motion; classical Chinese poetry; path; preposition Introduction Fictive motion is a linguistic term proposed by Leonard Tally, who explains that languages systematically and extensively refer to stationary circumstances with forms and constructions whose basic reference Is to motion (Tally, 2000: 104). For instance in the sentence The river runs all the way down to the mountain, it describes the location of the stationary river but evokes the conception that the river eves toward the mountain. In a study of fictive motion in Chinese language, it has been pointed out that this linguistic phenomenon is more frequently seen in prose, novels and poems (Gao Song, 2010). It is easily understood because such literature forms might need to resort to victory manifest a novel conception. This paper Is an attempt of analyzing the phenomenon of velvet motion In classical Chinese poetry. In the next part, some previous work done on this field is introduced as the lead of the paper. From the third part on, the research of this paper will be elaborated at great length. Section 3 shows the fictive motion couplets collected from a large amount of Chinese poems. Section 4 will account for how fictive motion is formed in this particular circumstance. The conclusions will be drawn In the last part, falling the results of the research. Literature review Ever since Leonard Tally introduces the term of fictive motion, much follow-up work has been done to investigate this special phenomenon. Subsequently, Teenier Mattock raised the question of whether people will mentally simulate motion when trying to understand fictive motion sentences. In his paper, four experiments were inducted in search of the answer. He concluded that people simulate motion or visual scanning while trying to understand fictive motion (Mattock. 2004: 1396). Likewise, Line Brandt devoted to analyze what part human subjectively plays In the course of construing fictive motion described. Subjectivity phenomena, as termed by Brandt, is probably a spontaneous, effortless engagement of virtual cognition in meaning construction (Brandt, 2009: 599). For the consideration of how fictive motion sentences are formed, Karl Real et al. (2009) carried out two in situ experiments to collect the verbal descriptions of route choices. Twenty participants mechanics of motion descriptions. In the same year, another article studies the conception of axis and direction of motion implied in 299 English verbs, all collected from native British English speakers. A set of norms were employed in their study, the result of which validated the ability of these norms of capturing the motion content of individual verbs (Mattered Voicing, 2009). There are also researches of fictive motion in languages other than English. Ana Roll and Xavier Valuable (2003) studied the differences in the expression of fictive motion between English and Spanish. Their study was based on the results of two previous researches. One is about the differences in the expression of motion in the two languages and the other the similarities and differences for English and Japanese. Besides, another paper analyzed the rhetoric forms constructed by fictive motions in Chinese language. It discovers that rhetoric forms presented in this way include metaphor, simile, personification, kinesthesia, and exaggeration, etc. (Gao Song, 2010: 10). Moreover, another investigation was made on the fictive motion of range extension path particularly. Based on Tallys theory on motion event, this paper analyzes the linguistic characteristics of Chinese fictive motion from the aspect of frame, background, motion pattern, motion path, etc. It claims that in Chinese, in cases where such verbs as alai and quo appear to indicate the tendency of move, prepositions are also necessary to point out the direction (Lie, 2011: 35). Fan An (2011: 23) analyzed the path condition and manner condition of fictive motion in Chinese literary works. Her work showed that path condition is applicable to Chinese fictive motion expressions while manner condition is not. These are the studies made on fictive motion as of now. It is obvious that there is room for further study on a particular genre. Inspired by this idea, this paper will concentrate the research on classical Chinese poetry alone. The questions to be inquired are as follow: 1) How is fictive motion of different categories exhibit itself in classical Chinese poetry? ) How is fictive motion formed in this certain field? What are its characteristics? 3) How are the categories of fictive motion discovered by Tally applied to classical Chinese poetry? The study starts with collecting poetic couplets of different disagrees of fictive motion. The selected couplets will be analyzed with the consideration of the special characteristics of classical Chinese poetry. Fin ally, the efforts will be made with the attempt to make generalizations concerning the research questions shown above. With classical Chinese poetry as the particular material, this paper is bound to serve as a prelude of further study into a new classification for fictive motion in this genre scope. Collection of Fictive Motion in Classical Chinese Poetry Tally classifies fictive motion into several categories, respectively emanation, pattern paths, frame-relative motion, advent paths, access paths, and extension path. For the purpose of analyzing the fictive motion in the genre of classical Chinese poetry, a great amount of poems have been covered to find the couplets in question. In this part, the poetic lines of each of the categories will be discussed one by one. A. Emanation This category is basically the fictive motion of something intangible emerging from paths, radiation paths, shadow paths, and sensory paths. (1) Orientation Paths Generally, this category relates to an invisible entity emitting from an object and each another along a certain path, thus forming the fictive conception of move. (a) Prospect Paths The first subtype of orientation paths can be found in the following couplets. The words exhibiting fictive motion is marked as bold. ) fifeLeigh, ) Couplet (1) describes the moon as a flying mirror towards a red-roof hall. A front face of the moon becomes visible in such a case. Similarly, the high hall in couplet (2) is facing a running stream downward, while in (3) the flower is facing in front of itself a pool. Finally, in couplet (4) and (5), the temple gate is open facing towards the mountain and the moon towards the hill. In all of these s elected lines, the conception of some intangible line or shaft moving from the front of the object is formed to become a fictive motion. B) Demonstrative Paths This type also contains the fictive emergence of a line from an object towards a certain direction, with the effect of guiding or distracting ones attention. 6) -he, In the sixth couplet, the whip is pointing out beyond the wind in the sky. An invisible line is easily outlined in this case as if it was emitted from the point of the whip right toward the high sky. Couplet (7) shows the direction of a road that leads towards a city. In both poems, the direction of the object is described in an activated way. C) Targeting Paths In this type, a linear path is conceived with the description of aiming at a target, for which some action will, be it fictive or not, be taken along this path as the direction.  «tag ») In this selected couplet, the general amid all the weapons is targeting the bow at his enemies. Here the front poin t of the bow is seemingly emitting a line towards the enemies, hence the fictive motion of targeting paths. (d) Line of Sight Sentences of this type may exhibit the visualization of the path of sight as if it was emitted from ones eye all the way toward the object observed. Disabled: The story EssayThe Construction of Fictive Motion in Classical Chinese Poetry In this part, the constructing of fictive motion in classical Chinese poetry will be investigated in three aspects. Firstly, the lexical role in construing fictive motion will be studied, followed by the analysis on the path outlined. Finally, the category of fictive motion in this particular genre will be further checked. A. The Lexical Role in Construing Fictive Motion In all these categories presented by Tally, the role of verbs and prepositions is defined as the key element for forming fictive motion, especially in the emanation tatter. For prospect paths, directional adaptations are Jointly used with verbs to indicate the path (2000: 108), such as face, look out. The orientation of an object in the type of demonstrative paths directs ones attention along the path specified by the preposition (ibid: 109). The line of sight is conceived as following a particular path defined by the path preposition (ibid: 110). In a radiation path, the linguistic construction mainly involves the choices of subject, of path-specifying preposition, and of prepositional object (ibid: 112). Moreover, the shadow path in a sentence is established with a motion verb like throw, cast, project, or fall, and a path preposition such as into, onto, across, or against (ibid: 114). Despite the absolute importance of the co-occurrence of verbs and prepositions in English fictive motion, in Chinese poems, however, this is not always the case. As in the selected couplets with a prospect path, only a verb line (16) appears in the line to establish the fictive motion. On the other hand, prepositions alone can affect such a fictive motion as well. As these two lines go, and involve only the preposition dud (Nj) and axing (6). The same analysis is made on all the extracted couplets of orientation paths, radiation paths and shadow paths. The table below exhibits the result. Table 1 Lexical Category construing the paths of fictive motion in classical Chinese poetry I Category I Sub-category Couplets I Lexical Category I I Emanation 1(1) 1(2) I Demonstrative Paths 1(6) (11) Paths I I Shadow Paths I none I Targeting Paths I Line of Sight I V+distance 1(13) 1(14) 1(18) I I Radiation According to this table, of the 19 couplets listed here, only three instances contain both the verb and the preposition. The number of verbs alone indicating the path and that of prepositions is 6 and 5 respectively. Besides, other patterns are also seen here. In and a complement is combined with the verb Wang to trigger the fictive emission of the line of sight. Another case is seen in the line G+, where a distance is added to the verb going to outline a path. Furthermore, RBEg% is the illustration of radiation paths, but no verbs or prepositions are used. The same case is shown in the line AWE-E*+, with the moon (A) as the source, the shadow of flowers (u) as the figure, and the railings (E s the ground. This case might be explained by the features of classical Chinese poetry. Due to the limits of characters of each line, the compact structure of the expression, and the magic idea it has to creates, a verb or a preposition may always be used alone to depict a picture. The feasibility of this practice lies in the fact that Chinese grammar allows a word to bear more than one lexical categories and a sentence to be lacking predicates. This is why the preposition Axing (6) and the adjective did (f) might be regarded as playing the role as verbs in ;E;#spill ND +178-83, and no verb appears in the line BEA-Y?. B. The Paths Construed in the Fictive Motion On the ground of what has been discovered above, the paths construed in classical Chinese poetry manifest themselves in a different fashion. Generally speaking, apart from the subject and the object, a verb may decide which category of fictive motion a sentence belongs to, and a preposition may indicate the direction of the path constructed. Whereas in classical Chinese poetry, the lack of either verbs or prepositions will make the paths of fictive motion more implicit. Take for instance he line Beg%, only the radiator and the radiated appear in this picture, while the radiation is indeed hidden. In GE-Et+, the shadow of flowers climbs as the moon moves, because there must be is a projection of shadow implied in this course. The line has only an adjective did (f?) functioning as a verb to pressing down over the trees. In a word, the paths of fictive motion are usually implied between the lines in classical Chinese poetry, compared with that in English. C. The Categories of Fictive Motion From what has been discussed above, it is noticeable that some categories are not included in the analysis. This section deals with these categories as the main issue. 1) The Category Absent in Classical Chinese Poetry The first issue in this part concerns the alignment paths termed by Tally. In his doctrine an alignment path is construed from the front end of an object along a preposition specified orientation relative to a more distant object. The illustration of this category used by Tally is: The snake is lying toward/away from the light. It is contended by Tally that in this expression, the snakes body forms an approximately straight line that is aligned with the light (Tally, 2000: 108). In spite of the validity of this understanding in English, at least in its according Chinese version, I. . None of such conception of alignment is evoked. The reason for this might be the difference of mental cognition between English and Chinese speakers, but no matter what accounts for the result, such category of fictive motion is hardly seen in Chinese poems. (2) New Category Emerging in Classical Chinese Poetry The special features of classical Chinese poetry bring about the appearance of a new category of fictive motion, shown in the following three examples. 40) ( 41) ) (n  «x;j-j » ) In the first couplet above, the willows are borrowing green color from the water. In couplet (41), on pink apricot branches spring is running wild (translated by Xx, 2006). In both expressions, the stationary objects are personalized and equipped with the ability to move. However in couplet (42), the object is a formless one, I. E. The wrench and regret. Here it is described as possessing a certain shape with the verb IQ (W)). The visualization of psychological state is one of cases of kinesthesia. As a rhetorical device, kinesthesia refers to the mixing of sensations or the stimulation f one sense (or modality) that produces a mental impression associated with a different sense (Ghana, 2005: 191). Conclusion In this paper, the fictive motion is specifically investigated in the genre of classical Chinese poetry based on the categories proposed by Tally. A large amount of poems is covered in this research to find the illustrations of each category. The fictive motion in each selected couplet is explained in detail. Given the unique features of classical Chinese poetry, I. E. The compaction of words used, the way of constructing such fictive motion is analyzed and generalized. Firstly, by contrast with fictive motion in English, that in classical Chinese poetry is not necessarily construed by the combination of verb and preposition. Other form such as the coexistence of verb and complement is also seen. Besides, in some cases no verb or preposition appears in a sentence of fictive motion. Furthermore, due to the lack of verb or preposition or both, the path of fictive motion is always implicit. Sometimes a mere subject and an object are symbolizing a fictive motion, or the radiated and the radiator alone is indicating an intangible path. And above all, as frequent rhetorical devices in also trigger the conceptualization of fictive motion.

The Glass Menagerie Figurines Significance

Odysseus Best of the Achaens essays

Odysseus Best of the Achaens essays Odysseus receives the title of being the 'best of the Achaeans" regardless of his apparent lack of battle skills and physical strength. Odysseus was more of a counselor and a schemer than he was a fighter, so eventually the concept of a hero was transformed. Although the Greek's original understanding of a hero mostly consisted of extensive physical strength and stamina, it eventually comes to possess the qualities that Odysseus possesses. In several occasions, Odysseus uses this raw kind of trickery and intelligence to get him through one obstacle to another. In fact, we see how cunning he is even before he began his journey home, when we are introduced to his invention of the Trojan Horse, which influenced the war's victory immensely. He also applies his renowned cleverness throughout his journey home, including overcoming Polyphemus, escaping the sirens, and eventually overcoming the suitors that nearly took over his kingdom. Although Odysseus proves himself in many occasions, it is clear that all of his accomplishments were not achieved solely on his own. It could be argued that one requirement of being a hero, is having a divine god on the side of that individual. It is made most obvious that Odysseus is one of Athena's favorites of the mortals, and in turn she practically hands Odysseus his glory. Without Athena on Odysseus's side, he most certainly would not have prevailed as the hero that he is recognized as. In addition to this, Athena is not the only god that helps, as there are several of who assists Odysseus. Aeolus', the god of the winds, assists Odysseus in getting close to the shores of Ithica, and the god Hermes orders Calypso to release him so he can continue on his way. Ultimately, the changing understanding of a Greek hero is revealed quite clearly in The Odyssey, and Odysseus sets the standard of this new type of hero that has emerged. He proved himself a hero because he overcame all of his c...

Casual analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Casual analysis - Essay Example Although scientists want to make us believe that embryos are not humans, they have done studies to demonstrate that development of humans starts from fertilization to adulthood. This depicts that though embryos may not be rational, they represent a stage through which all humans must pass and without which no human would be in existence (Family Research Council Web). Human embryonic stem cell research is a controversial issue not just in United States in all nations where scientists have attempted to seek government funding for the research. President Bush banned federal funding on stem cell research involving human embryo. However, irrespective of the controversies surrounding the human embryonic stem cell research, President Obama lifted the ban allowing research in human embryonic stem cell to be funded by federal government. This paper argues that the lifting of the ban on embryonic stem cell research was erroneous since embryonic stem cell research will result in negative effect s. Additionally, the paper will demonstrate how federal funding, state funding, and debates on the media have encouraged continuance of embryonic stem cell research irrespective of the several negative impacts associated with the research. Human embryonic stem cell research is a research that involves manipulation of stem cell extracted from an embryo. For the cells to be extracted, the embryo must be destroyed. Jamie Thomson initiated the embryonic stem cell research in 1998. The research involves removal of embryonic cells from an embryo and culturing them in the laboratory for research on human diseases (â€Å"The Witherspoon Council on Ethics and the Integrity of Science† 129-133). The cells are preferred by scientists due to their great capacity to develop into different body cells. Since its start, embryonic stem cell research has aggravated serious controversies in the political, ethical, and religious arenas. However, stem cell research is wide and it involves use of adult stem cells as well as embryonic stem cells. The use of adult stem cells is not controversial since it does not involve dehumanizing acts. The main controversy is that the embryonic stem cell research involves sacrificing of human life, which is unethical since the embryos used for the research do not survive (Family Research Council Web; James 8-9; Robertson 193-195). Every scientific study is required to follow certain ethical principles. One such principle is that it should work towards raising the human dignity. In case of embryonic stem cell research, there is great disregard for human life. The argument that an embryo cannot be considered a human has already been disapproved by cloning, which has shown that life begins at conception. Therefore, treating embryos that are below fourteen days old as non-humans is unethical. The pre-embryo and post embryo distinctions used by embryonic stem cell researchers to validate their practices is not justifiable (â€Å"The Witherspoo n Council on Ethics and the Integrity of Science† 132-135). The stem cell research is surrounded by many ethical questions. The main ethical question regards the morality of destroying human embryos that have the potential of developing into independent beings. Although supporters of this research argue that the embryos used for research are not obtained from the human uterus but produced in the laboratories, the research is still unethical. Creating life to destroy it is erroneous (Family Research

Susan Power's Scared Wilderness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Susan Power's Scared Wilderness - Essay Example Different backgrounds and eras gave them an idea to restore foundation to fulfill the dream of American women. The novel is taking us through the time, when the Mohawk were living on the territory of present-day Minnesota. The fourth novel by Susan Power is taking up to the centre cultural and spiritual traditions. We are getting cognizance with four women: Gladys Swan is enjoying the mansions on St. Paul’s Avenue. She is a housekeeper in the house of Candace Jenssen, who is well-to-do lady. She has all necessary material goods, she does not suffers from poverty, in spite of this she has a lack of spirit, being in disconnection with her husband and the sources and heritage of her Mohawk culture. Gladys, being as the elder of an Ojibwe, is thinking about putting Candace in touch with her ancestors as her private mission. However, Candace does not know about this idea. Beautiful Maryam is her co-conspirator in this unusual task. Candace dismisses appeals of Maryam, thinking about her as a hallucination caused by a brain tumor. Maryam changes the strategy, appealing to Gladys, who is very glad to meet â€Å"a sister†, who would join to her work and share her desire to help Candace. The author is trying to show is the images of the prehistoric biblical times, giving the readers an interesting re-imagining of first meetings of Native Americans with the missionaries of the Christian religion. She makes the reader to look from another fresh point of view to the lives Mary, Joseph and Jesus. Al this is happening in addition to the Power`s contemporary line of story, returning to the traditions of ancient cultures, which the imaginative time-traveler would be able to found in the early 17th century on the territory belonging to the Mohawk people, when man were hunting the food and female Mohawks looked after the gardens and collected vegetables to feed the tribes. â€Å"Do you really want to be reduced to some kind of throwback stereotype from the Dark Ages?

Progression of economic value for coffee

Progression of economic value for coffee Chapter 3: The origin of the idea Progression of Economic Value for Coffee â€Å"Goods and services are no longer enough. To be successful in todays increasingly competitive environment, companies must learn to stage experiences for each one of their individual customers. We have entered the Experience Economy, a new economic era in which all businesses must orchestrate memorable events for their customers that engage each one of them in an inherently personal way.† Pine Gilmore, 1999 This is undoubtedly also true for the coffee industry. The economic value of coffee begins with extracting the commodity. Companies that harvest or trade coffee, receive about a 1 euro per pound. When a manufacturer grinds, packages, and sells those same beans to a grocery store, turning them into goods, the price to the consumer is à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬4 to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬8 per pound, or about 7 ¢ to 18 ¢ a cup, depending on the brand and package size. When the coffee is brewed in a diner it will sell for about à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1 per cup. Businesses offer the coffee in an experience such as a fine restaurant orStarbucks get à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬2 to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬4 a cup. This means that atStarbucks, the customer is not only paying for the coffee, but also for theStarbucks experience. Interestingly, when you move a product up the progression of economic value to an experience, as can be seen in figure 1, you rarely see discounting.This is because Starbucksdoes not need to offer price cuts in order to generate business. Consumers expect better quality when willing to pay a higher price. Retailing is therefore facing an increased challenge from the experience economy. The problem being that there is a great amount of shops in the world, all basically selling the same things, causing only stores that sell values and experiences to stand out. According to Pine and Gilmore (1999), Starbucks has succeeded precisely because it is not limited to only selling a good, being coffee beans, or a service, such as a cup of coffee to-go. Instead, as a Third Place, being not the home or the office but the place between, Starbucks strives to sell a one-of-a-kind experience, which it hopes to keep its customers satisfied enough to want to keep coming back for more. Karababa Ger (2011) argue that pleasure and leisure are two important characteristics of todays consumer culture. Masses of consumers enjoy leisure away from home and work in these so-called â€Å"third places†. Nowadays there are many different cafà ©s, all with different styles. Some are global-branded like Starbucks, while some are more local. Most local coffee houses are defined as either being anti-corporate, or are a hybrid of multiple local and global traditions, such as our own business case example, the Dutch coffee house Doppio-Espresso. The origin of Starbucks Several factors contributed to the opportunity for Starbucks to develop a new, successful retail chain, with the most important one being the fact that founder Howard Schultz had an insight that the other players in the coffee market did not. He realized that Americans were lacking a relaxed, social atmosphere where they could savor a good cup of coffee. After a trip to Italy in 1987 he purchased Starbucks, because he was convinced that Americans were ready to embrace the Italian coffee house culture. Prior to that time, coffee consumption in the US was gradually declining, while the three major coffee manufacturers, Proctor Gamble, Nestle, and Kraft, fought for market share in a saturated market, all the while decreasing the quality of the beans in their blends in order to maintain profits (Berry et al., 2006). The Starbucks brand has since then become ever-present, so much so that it may be hard to remember a time when coffee houses were not part of every major city in the world. Even though coffee houses existed in abundance before Starbucks came along, the quality of both the coffee and the customer experience has never been as consistent as today. Since the beginning, the company aimed at offering a better experience for coffee lovers. They did this by brewing coffee of uniform quality and developed the idea of charging premium prices for coffee drinks. But most importantly, they focused on creating a relaxing atmosphere for the customer. Tables were purposely spaced apart in order to ensure the customers their privacy. More specifically, round tables were used since research indicated that a person can sit alone at a round table without having to feel secluded or awkward. Furthermore, Starbucks aimed at opening as many stores as possible as a way to make each new store just a few steps more convenient for new customers. The stock value of Starbucks has since then increased by more than 3,000% (Berry et al., 2006). The origin of Doppio Chapter 5: Experiential Services Incremental improvements are added to services all the time, but few companies succeed in creating service innovation that create new markets or convert existing ones. To move in that direction, it is important for companies to embody the capacity to successfully implement the nine drivers of successful service innovations as can be seen in figure 2. In the case Starbucks, one of the most important success factors, which aided in creating a new service market, is their comprehensive customer-experience management. According to Zomerdijk Voss (2010), services differ from manufactured goods, because they generally offer many more distinct experiences to the customer. These experiences are called â€Å"touchpoints†, and they depend on three â€Å"experience clues†. The first one are functional clues, which point to the technical quality of the offering; the second being mechanical clues, which relate to nonhuman elements such as the design of the store; and the third being human clues, which come from the behavior and appearance of employees.When these three clues are combined, a total experience is created that has direct influence on how the customer will assess quality and value. The reason that Customer Experience Management is so crucial to the success of inseparable services, is due to the fact that with these kinds of services the customer is directly exposed to the production as well as the delivery of the service, and can thus experience everything that occurs there (Berry et al., 2006). Therefore, the success of Starbucks has to depend the quality of the product (functional clues), a relaxing atmosphere in the store (mechanical clues), and service-oriented employees (human clues). To implement its core strategy, Starbucks must therefore excel in managing all of these customer experience clues. In addition to serving sit-down coffee drinkers, Starbucks also serves another big market segment, namely, takeout customers who want fast service. In order to cater to both consumer groups Starbucks is constantly trying to find new ways to reduce the average waiting time without reducing quality. Some of the companys timesaving innovations are providing customers with special paying cards for fast transactions, more efficient coffee machines, and creating a way for employees to able to shift through the store to wherever he or she is needed at that time (Berry et al., 2006). Some Starbucks shops are also strategically located in areas where there are a lot of potential takeout customers. When Starbucks first started out in The Netherlands they focused solely on placing small shops located near public transportation areas, such as train stations, to cater almost exclusively to these takeout customers. Customers visiting a Starbucks store, however, do not only buy coffee, but they also buy the company brand. The way they experience the service has direct influence on how they perceive the brand. Starbucks founder Howard Schultz quickly realized that in order to achieve brand power in a service business, the employees must take center stage. When a product is sold in a supermarket, there is no personal interaction, but in a Starbucks store, you are presented with real people who produce and deliver the product as a service in a friendly and exclusive manner. As was explained in Chapter 4 with the Zomerdijk Voss (2010) model, employees are thus utilized at the frontstage of the experience. Starbucks success proves that a multimillion-dollar advertising program isnt a prerequisite for building a national brand; it can be done one customer at a time, one store at a time, one market at a time (Berry, 2000). Values-based Service Quality The four dimensions of the Values-based Service Quality model proposed by Enquist et al. (2007) are the technical, functional, experiential, and the human resources (HR) corporate climate dimension. According to the model Starbucks is a values-based company becomes it encompasses a strong commitment to all its stakeholders; customers, shareholders, employees, its suppliers, strategic partners, local communities and global society in general. The four dimensions can also be seen through the strong Starbucks concept, which relies on the premium coffee, and the â€Å"Starbucks experience†. More specifically, the first two dimensions technical and functional quality relate to the quality of processing and producing the coffee bean. High-quality coffee beans are purchased, roasted, and sold as fresh, richly-brewed, Italian-style espresso beverages. Starbucks also offer a variety of foods, and coffee-related accessories in its stores. They also ensure that all parties in their value chain are operating at optimal quality, and sometimes even take over some of the manufacturing duties, such as roasting plants (Enquist et al., 2007). With Starbucks expanding throughout Europe and Asia, the company has strategically chosen Amsterdam for building a roasting plant, since the industrial area is relatively small and self-contained, providing specialized service. The facility houses equipment and operations to receive, roast, package and ship Starbucks coffee to retail stores in current and emerging markets. As with all Starbucks roasting plants, the Port of Amsterdam Roasting Pla nt also has a tasting room, which serves as the main center where Starbucks coffee experts taste and test the Starbucks coffee (Burnson, 2002). This further stresses the importance and commitment Starbucks places on innovating and improving its products and services throughout the value chain. The experiential quality dimension can be symbolized by the concept of the Starbucks experience, which amounts to more than just the store. It provides the customer with a â€Å"Third Place†, where he or she can relax away from home and work, and enjoy the services offered. The fourth and final values-based quality dimension HR corporate climate is related to workplace and society. One of the main goals of Starbucks management is to maintain a safe, productive and diverse work environment for its employees, and to provide them with opportunities for training and career growth. Starbucks also provides incentives for its employees to become shareholders of the company, and thus introduced the title of ‘partner instead of employee. Starbucks has also ventured into the sustainable service business by introducing a code of conduct in 2001, labeled C. A. F. E. Practices (Coffee and Farmer Equity Practices), which promises to â€Å"deliver a premium coffee farmed, distributed and cultivated in an ethical, social and environmental way† (Enquist et al., 2007). The Future of Starbucks Starbucks led by the visions of Howard Schultz, has revolutionized the coffee industry and the perception of coffee when they first introduced their coffee experience concept, and has since then been setting industry standards. However, this radical way of offering coffee has in general become so widely accessible and common to consumers, that it no longer seems special. Furthermore, some strategic decisions made by Starbucks have caused the brand to become less flexible, and more standardized, compared to smaller, local and independent competitors. Aggressive expansions, and attempts to deal with intensified competition from the fast-food sector, have created negative associations with the Starbucks brand. This has caused Starbucks to be perceived by some as a mainstream and standardized brand, which no longer possesses the distinct character of a local authentic coffeehouse.

Phillips

Denise Phillips, revised 25 July 2012 Denise Phillips, revised 25 July 2012 Why Hazaras flee: An historical perspective of their persecution1 Submission for the Government’s Expert Panel on Asylum Seekers ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Denise Phillips BA (Hons), PhD Candidate, University of New England, 19 July 2012 Quetta are also discussed. The past ethnic and religious animosity against minority Shiite Hazaras continues to drive the bloodshed today. When we shift our esponsibilities offshore, vilify refugees and pursue a punitive style of deterrence as a solution, we ignore these past and present atrocities. Executive summary This paper provides historical information about the source country, Afghanistan. As minority Shiites, Hazaras’ current persecution is borne out of an unresolved, century-old religious and ethnic hatred of them. This has resulted in massacres, dispossession of their lands and decades of institutionalised discrimination. Their persecution was fiercely reignited during the civil war and by the Taliban in the 1990s.Understanding that history is critical to policy-making. Not only are Hazaras dying on boats, but also in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Australia must respond to this over-all crisis with humanity rather than punitive measures. I support the recommendations made in the Asylum Seeker Resource Centre’s submission and the Open Letter. As Afghanistan moves towards a possible Taliban alliance or faces growing lawlessness, and as Hazaras continue to be slain or attacked in Hazara-populated regions and in neighbouring Quetta, Hazaras are likely to continue to flee and have grounds under the 1951 Refugee Convention to fear persecution.Introduction In addressing the problem of asylum seekers risking their lives on boat journeys to Australia, the reasons for their flight should remain at the forefront of policy-making and political debate. I o ffer an historical overview of a key source country, Afghanistan, and of the origins of Hazaras’ persecution. Current crises in both Afghanistan and Abdur Rahman’s subjugation of Hazaras in the nineteenth century After the traditionally dominant Pashtuns and the Tajiks, Hazaras are the third largest ethnic group in Afghanistan, although a minority. The Hazaras traditionally live in theHazarajat, a loosely defined region within the central highlands. While about 85 percent of Afghanistan’s population follow Sunni Islam, most Hazaras are Shiite Muslims, causing them to be condemned as ‘infidels’ at different points throughout history. 2 Their suffering began in earnest in the late 1800s. The Hazaras were a semi- autonomous society living in Afghanistan’s central highlands, the Hazarajat. The entire Hazara population possibly numbered over half a million, with about 340,000 families in the Hazarajat. Although not a cohesive group, most were Shii tes and spoke theHazaragi language, a derivative of Dari. In contrast, their surrounding ethnic groups were mostly Sunni Muslims and spoke Pashto or Dari. 3 Against a backdrop of imperial tensions between Britain and Czarist Russia, Britain helped install an anti-Russian Pashtun, Amir Abdur Rahman (1880-1901), on the throne in Kabul in 1880. In between British India and Russia. 4 exchange for a British annual subsidy, Afghanistan was to provide a buffer zone In the previous century, the Pashtun tribal ruler, Ahmad Shah Durrani (1747-1773), had already established a pattern of subjugating sub-groups and other ethnic groups within he region. To bring Afghanistan’s many different tribes under a centralised authority, Abdur Rahman proclaimed the Durrani Pashtuns as supreme and mobilised Sunni Islam with a patriotic xenophobia. Condemning Shiite Hazaras as ‘infidels’, Rahid Rahman 1 Over-all notes drawn from Denise Phillips, From Afghanistan to Australia: An oral hist ory of loss and hope among Hazara refugees, PhD thesis, University of New England, Armidale (forthcoming); Denise Phillips, ‘Wounded memory of Hazara refugees from Afghanistan: Remembering and forgetting persecution’, History Australia, vol. , no. 2, August 2011, pp. 177-198; and Denise Phillips, ‘Hazaras’ persecution worsens: Will the new government show leadership by lifting the suspension on Afghani asylum claims? ’, Australian Policy and History, August 2010, http://www. aph. org. au/files/articles/hazarasPersecution. htm. 2 William Maley, Security, People Smuggling and Australia's New Afghan Refugees, Working Paper no. 63, p. 8; M. Hassan Kakar, ‘The pacification of the Hazaras’, in M. Hassan Kakar, A Political and Diplomatic History of Afghanistan, 1863-1901, Leiden, 2006, p. 26. 3 Sayed Askar Mousavi, The Hazaras of Afghanistan: An Historical, Cultural, Economic and Political Study, Richmond, 1998, p. 114; Kakar, ‘The pacifi cation of the Hazaras’, pp. 120-122, 126. Amin Saikal, with assistance from Ravan Farhadi & Kirill Nourzhanov, Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival, London, 2004, pp. 6, 7, 12. 4 1 2 Denise Phillips, revised 25 July 2012 Denise Phillips, revised 25 July 2012 rallied soldiers and tribal levies to quash Hazara rebellions in the Afghan-Hazara wars of 1891-1893.Hazaras were slain, raped and sold into slavery. Soldiers piled Hazaras’ heads into towers to warn others against dissent, and some were skinned to death or had their tongues cut out. Although slavery was banned in 1895, many remained enslaved until King Amanullah’s emancipation laws were passed in the 1920s. Much of the Hazarajat was decimated, and their agricultural economy destroyed. Starving, some ate grass and sold their children for wheat to survive. The Hazaras were fined for rebelling and taxed indiscriminately. All facets of Afghani government, society and law conspired against Haza ras, seeking to destroy their property, tribal systems, religion and culture. Rahid Rahman attempted to impose Sunni Islam and demanded that qazis (judges) and muftis (Islamic leaders) in various districts use only Hanafi, a Sunni Islamic legal system, for dealing with Hazaras. To depopulate the Hazarajat, the government issued ‘firmans’, royal decrees, authorising Pashtun nomads, Kuchis, to access Hazaras’ lands for grazing their livestock. Possibly several tens of thousands fled to Central Asia, and Balochistan in what is now Pakistan. Victorious, Rahid Rahman demeaned the Hazaras and claimed that Afghanis saw them as ‘enemies of their country and religion’,7 laying the foundation for a century of persecution to the present. Marginalisation in the twentieth century Successive governments have since marginalised Hazaras. Under the banner of nationalism in the early 1900s, ruling Pashtuns tried to assert their identity, culture and history over all o ther ethnic groups. The Hazarajat was removed from official maps and lands were divided into five provinces to weaken the Hazaras’ political authority.King Nadir Shah (1929-1933) outlawed the promotion of Hazara history and culture, 5 Peter Marsden, Afghanistan: Minorities, Conflict and the Search for Peace, London, 2001, p. 6; Saikal, Modern Afghanistan, pp. 5, 12, 17, 35-39; Kakar, ‘The pacification of the Hazaras’, pp. 120122, 132-137; Burchard Brentjes & Helga Brentjes, Taliban: A Shadow over Afghanistan, Varanasi, 2000, p. 75; Mousavi, The Hazaras of Afghanistan, pp. 101, 120-129, 131-136. 6 Kakar, ‘The pacification of the Hazaras’, pp. 137, 138; Lenard Milich, ‘The Behsud conflicts in Afghanistan: A blueprint to avoid further clashes in 2009 and beyond’, Eurasia Critic, June 2009, pp. , 3, http://www. eurasiacritic. com/articles, accessed 10 June 2010; Alessandro Monsutti, trans. Patrick Camiller, War and Migration: Social Networks and Economic Strategies of the Hazaras of Afghanistan, New York, 2005, p. 105. 7 Mir Munshi Sultan Mahomed Khan (ed. ), The Life of Abdur Rahman, Amir of Afghanistan, with a new introduction by M. E. Yapp, vol. 1, Karachi, 1980 (1900), pp. 276-279, 282-284. imprisoning or executing intellectuals who wrote on the subject. Official policies tried to strip names associated with the Hazaras from historical archives. Between the 1930s nd 1970s, the Anjom-e Tarikh (Historical Society), aided by the Pashto Tolana (Pashto Academy), rewrote much of Afghanistan's official histories. Significant texts were also reportedly burnt. Until 1978, the Hazaras were marginalised, taxed indiscriminately, and denied equal rights and vital infrastructure in their villages. 8 Former president of Afghanistan Dr Najibullah (1986-1992) acknowledged their suffering, saying that ‘the most difficult and lowliest paid jobs, poverty, illiteracy, social and nationalist committed, and bloodshed continues to t his day. discrimination were the lot of the Hazara people’. No justice was gained for atrocities Massacres during the civil war and Taliban regime Hazaras became politically mobilised in the 1980s and have since gained greater political representation. However, their persecution was brutally re-ignited during the civil war by rival ethnic groups and by the Taliban. In 1993, soldiers under command of the Rabbani government (1992-1996) targeted the stronghold of the Hazaras’ political party, the Hizb-e Wahdat, in Afshar, a district in West Kabul with a large Hazara population. Soldiers, however, turned against civilians. After a frenzy of looting, rape killed or remain missing. 10 nd summary executions driven by ethnic hatred, approximately 700-750 Hazaras were Persecution intensified under the Taliban regime (1996-2001) as its soldiers advanced into Afghanistan’s north and the Hazarajat. Not only do Hazaras shun the Islamist beliefs of the Taliban, the Taliban ar e recruited mostly from the Pashtun group, the Hazaras’ traditional enemy. (In reverse, being Pashtun does not automatically equal Taliban support and millions of Pashtuns have also suffered within Afghanistan’s 8 Hafizullah Emadi, ‘The Hazaras and their role in the process of political transformation in Afghanistan’, Central Asian Survey, vol. 6, no. 3, 1997, pp. 363-371; Mousavi, The Hazaras of Afghanistan, pp. 5-8, 155-174, 218; Saikal, Modern Afghanistan, pp. 111-113, 283. Hazaras cite Puta Khazana (The Hidden Treasure), published in 1960, as an example of a controversial or fictitious history funded by the government which promoted Pashtun superiority. 9 Quoted in Mousavi, The Hazaras of Afghanistan, p. 162 10 Mousavi, The Hazaras of Afghanistan, pp. 198, 199; Human Rights Watch, Blood-Stained Hands: Past Atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan’s Legacy of Impunity, New York, 2005, pp. 70-100. Numbers have never been accurately ascertained.One Haza ra website estimates that approximately 1,000 were killed or remain missing. See ‘Afshar and Kateh Sahe massacre’, Hazara. net, 2009 http://www. hazara. net/taliban/genocide/afshar/afshar. html, accessed 19 June 2010. 3 4 Denise Phillips, revised 25 July 2012 Denise Phillips, revised 25 July 2012 conflicts. ) In 1998, in retaliation for war crimes committed by the United Front (of which Hazaras were a part) against Taliban soldiers, the Taliban slaughtered approximately 2,000 or more Hazaras in Mazar-e Sharif. Civilians were killed in residential areas and market places, some dying with their throats slit.Highlighting the accompanying religious hatred, Taliban governor Mullah Manon Niazi had publicly incited the attack, preaching that, ‘Hazaras are not Muslim. You can kill them. It is not a sin’. Hazaras were reportedly warned to take lessons from their own history, and to either convert, flee or be killed. Hundreds fled the terror of Mazar-e Sharif. Massac res continued, with Taliban soldiers rounding up civilians in the Yakaolang district in 2001, publicly executing at least 170, many of whom were Hazaras. Near Robatak Pass, the Taliban also executed at least 31 civilians, with 26 confirmed to be Hazaras. 1 A resurgent Taliban After more than a decade, American and NATO forces have failed to bring peace and a withdrawal is imminent. Regrouping since 2001, the Taliban is now made up of an alliance of three Islamist groups; the Quetta Shura Taliban, the Haqqani Network, and Hezb-i Islami Gulbuddin, an insurgency described by the US Department of Defence as ‘resilient and evolving’. 12 With safe havens for terrorism in western Pakistan, the insurgency maintains strongholds in southern and eastern regions of Afghanistan, and has been expanding to the west and north. 3 The Taliban’s clear presence in Shinwari district of Parwan province, less than a few hours from Kabul, was demonstrated with news last week of the Tali ban’s execution of a young woman on ‘adultery’ charges. 14 Terror in the Hazarajat Analysts recently deemed Ghazni to be ‘among the most volatile provinces in southern Afghanistan’. 15 In 2006, a former governor was assassinated, and in 2007, the Taliban held 23 South Koreans hostage. Located in Ghazni province is Jaghori, an Hazara- populated district and former home of many Hazara refugees now in Australia. Jaghori nd Hazara-populated Malistan are surrounded by Pashtun areas under Taliban control. In June 2010, the Taliban reportedly distributed ‘nightletters’, a method of intimidation, to districts within Ghazni province, warning that the main road out of Jaghori to Kabul is now closed. Residents need to travel beyond Jaghori for medical, commercial, study and work reasons, but travel is now perilous. Taliban routinely search travellers on the Qarabagh-Jaghori road. Travellers have been tortured, detained and some have gone missing. T heir vehicles have been stolen and the road is periodically closed.Many fear a repeat of the Taliban’s 1997 road blockade of essential supplies. Additionally, Jaghori strongly supports education, with numerous high schools and primary and middle schools. The Taliban, however, have targeted schools. For example, in July 2010, the Taliban attacked and burnt schools in Tamki, Jaghori district, and in Qarabagh district. The Taliban also killed Syed Sekander Muhammadi, the head teacher of a school in Shaki Nuka, in Qarabagh district, as he travelled to Ghazni. 16 In nearby Oruzgan province, the decapitated corpses of 11 Hazara males were iscovered in the Khas Oruzgan district on 25 June 2010. Police official Mohammed Gulab Wardak reported that the Taliban killed them ‘because they were ethnic Hazaras and Shiite Muslims’. 17 This occurred in the very province where Australia’s Defence Personnel have been deployed in a security and reconstruction role, showing th e dire 11 Human Rights Watch, Afghanistan: The Massacre in Mazar-I Sharif, vol, 10, no. 7(C), November 1998, http://www. unhcr. org/refworld/docid/45c9a4b52. html, accessed 18 June 2010; Human Rights Watch, Massacres of Hazaras in Afghanistan, vol. 13, no. (C), February 2001, http://www. hrw. org/legacy/reports/2001/afghanistan/, accessed 18 June 2010; Peter Marsden, Afghanistan: Minorities, Conflict and the Search for Peace, London, 2001, p. 22; Mullah Manon Niazi quoted in ‘On genocide of Hazaras’, Hazara. net, January 2011, http://www. hazara. net/taliban/taliban. html, accessed 18 July 2012. 12 Department of Defense, Progress Toward Security and Stability in Afghanistan: Report to Congress in Accordance with 2008 National Defense Authorisation Act (Section 1230, Public Law 110-181), USA, January 2009, p. 7, http://www. efense/gov/pubs/OCTOBER_1230_FINAL_pdf, accessed 12 August 2010. 13 Maria Golovnina, ‘Factbox: Insurgency in Afghanistan: Who are they? â€℠¢, 25 September 2009, Reuters, http://www. reuters. com/article/idUSTRE58O2F620090925, accessed 12 August 2010. Dylan Welch & Ben Doherty, ‘‘God tells us to finish her’: Taliban remind world they are no spent force’, The Sydney Morning Herald, 10 July 2012, p. 1. 14 threat to Hazaras, even alongside a broader military presence. 15 William Maley, ‘On the position of the Hazara minority in Afghanistan’, 28 June 2010, posted on Welcome to Ataullah’s Page, http://ataullahnaseri. ordpress. com/2010/06/28/on-the-position-of-the-hazara-minority, accessed 5 August 2010. 16 Thomas Ruttig, ‘A new, new Taliban front’, Foreign Policy, 21 June 2010, http://afpak. foreignpolicy. com/posts/2010/06/21/a_new_new_taliban_front_0, accessed 5 August 2012; Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia, New Haven, 2000, p. 67; Abdul Karim Hekmat, ‘Unsafe haven: Hazaras in Afghanistan and Pakistan’, Spe cial report, University of Technology Sydney, October 2011, pp. 18, 19. 17 Tahereh Ghanaati, ‘The Hazara carnage in Afghanistan’, Press TV, 27 June 2010, http://www. resstv. ir/pop/Print/? id=132225, accessed 28 June 2010; Ismail Sameem & Jonathon Burch, ‘Police find 11 beheaded bodies in Afghan South’, 25 June 2010, Reuters, http://www. reuters. com/article/idUSTRE65O2ML20100625, accessed 28 June 2010. 5 6 Denise Phillips, revised 25 July 2012 Denise Phillips, revised 25 July 2012 Hazaras. Although the Taliban denied involvement, Afghani analyst Ahmad Shuja fears In Maidan Wardak province, land disputes between Hazaras and Kuchis often erupt each summer but have worsened in recent years.Kuchis have been arriving in the Behsud and Daimirdad districts heavily armed for conflict. Kuchis believe the aforementioned decrees issued under Abdur Rahman entitle them to access, while many Hazaras have never accepted the loss of full rights over their land. Consequent ly, Hazaras have been killed and their homes burnt. In 2008, approximately 60,000 people were displaced, and in May 2010, a report estimated that 1,800 families had been displaced, 68 homes burnt, and 28 schools closed, leaving10,000 students without school facilities.As nomads, the Kuchi are also a minority group, but belong to the traditionally dominant Pashtun group. It is feared that the Taliban may be exploiting the past to incite attacks by their fellow Pashtuns, the Kuchi, against Hazaras. The Karzai government has either largely ignored repeated Hazara pleas for assistance or has been impotent in stopping the violence, sparking worldwide protests by Hazaras. 18 These crises cannot be dismissed as internal land disputes; rather, they stem from the nineteenth century acts of conquest, dispossession and persecution – and another government’s marginalisation of Hazaras.Terror in Kabul Brutal assaults also have occurred recently in Kabul. On 6 December 2011, a suici de bomber killed at least 56 Shiites pilgrims worshipping at the Abdul Fazal Abbas Shrine in the Murad Khani district in Kabul during commemorations for Ashura, the holiest day of Muharram. On the same day, a bomb attached to a bicycle exploded, killing Shiite pilgrims in Mazar-e Sharif and bringing the death toll to 60. A spokesperson for Lashkar-e Jhangvi (LeJ) claimed responsibility via Radio Free Europe.LeJ, formed in 1996, is a militant Sunni Deobandi Islamist group based in the Punjab region of Pakistan. Among links with numerous terror groups, it has a close relationship with Afghani Taliban and Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP). Most killed and injured were 18 Lenard Milich, ‘The Behsud conflicts in Afghanistan: A blueprint to avoid further clashes in 2009 and beyond’, Eurasia Critic, June 2009, pp. 1-3, http://www. eurasiacritic. com/articles, accessed 10 June 2010; Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission, ‘AIHRC grave concern about armed onflict be tween Kochies and native inhabitants of Behsood district of Maidan Wardak’, Kabul Press, 22 May 2010, http://kabulpress. org/my/spip. php? article11725, accessed 9 August 2010; ‘UNAMA silent on Kuchi attack in Behsud’, Hazaristan Times, 21 May 2010, http://hazaristantimes. wordpress. com/2010/05/21/unama-silent-on-Kuchi-attack-in-behsud, accessed 6 August 2010. the attacks will inflame religious tensions, echoing a recent past in which the Taliban massacred thousands of Hazaras. 19 Increasing bloodshed in Quetta, PakistanSince the nineteenth century, Hazaras have traditionally fled or migrated to Quetta, the capital of Balochistan province, in what is now Pakistan. Quetta has long been a ‘second home’ for Hazaras; some live there as permanent Pakistani citizens, others as refugees. Possibly 30,000-50,000 Hazara refugees now live in Pakistan after fleeing the Taliban in 1996. Over the last decade, however, Shiite Hazaras in Balochistan have been dying in an escalating spate of sectarian attacks, often occurring daily. LeJ have distributed leaflets condemning Shiites as ‘infidels’.Proclaiming their right under Islam to kill them, LeJ publicly state that they will continue acting against Shiites. One of its leaders, Milak Ishaque, had 40 murder charges pending against him: after serving 15 years imprisonment he was released on 14 July 2011. Hazaras and the Asian Human Rights Commission report that the Pakistani government, army and law enforcement impunity. 20 authorities are failing to act, openly allowing the banned terror organisation to kill with These are but a few examples in a litany of bloody attacks. Eight Hazaras were slain inPoodgali Chowk in 2001, and 12 Hazara policeman killed in Sariab, in 2003. On 20 September 2011, armed men intercepted a bus in the Ganjidori area of Mastung, southeast of Quetta. It carried 45, mostly Shiite, pilgrims travelling to Taftan, Iran. Ordering them off the bus, gunmen shot t hose identifying themselves as Shiites in the ‘head, chest and abdomen’. Twenty-nine Shiites were killed and five escaped. An hour 19 Ernesto Londono, ‘Dozens dead in rare attack on Shiite mosque in Kabul’, The Washington Post, 6 December 2011, http://www. washingtonpost. om/world/rare-attack-in-kabul-targets-shiitemosque/2011/12/06/gIQAVnEkYO_print, accessed 7 December 2011; ‘Lashkar-e Jhangvi (LeJ)’, Australian National Security, Australian Government, updated 15 March 2012, http://www. ema. gov. au/agd/WWW/nationalsecurity. nsf/Page/What_Governments_are_doing_Listing _of_Terrorism_Organisations_Lashkar_I_Jhangvi, accessed 18 July 2012. 20 Lashkar-e Jhangvi (LeJ)’, Australian National Security; Syed Shoaib Hasan, ‘A year of suffering for Pakistan’s Shias’, BBC News, Balochistan, 6 December 2011, http://www. bbc. co. k/news/worldasia-15928538, accessed 21 January 2012; Hekmat, ‘Unsafe haven’, pp. 20-23; ‘The state of human rights in Pakistan in 2011’, Asian Human Rights Commission, 2011, p. 42, http://www. AHRC-SPR008-2011-HRRptPakistan. pdf, accessed 18 July 2012. 7 8 Denise Phillips, revised 25 July 2012 Denise Phillips, revised 25 July 2012 later, gunmen killed 3 Shiites, believed to be victims’ relatives on their way to retrieve the bodies of their loved ones. LeJ claimed responsibility. 21 On 28 June 2012, a bomb blast killed Shiite pilgrims travelling by bus near a fruit market in the Hazarganji area of Quetta.Thirteen were killed and 30 injured, with most of the victims Hazaras. LeJ again claimed responsibility. Prominent leaders, professionals, intellectuals and policemen have been assassinated, along with a sportsman and artist. For example, Chairman of the Hazara Democratic Party, Hussain Ali Yousofi, was slain on 26 January 2011. The general Hazara population, including women and children, are now also being indiscriminately targeted. Australian Hazar as visiting relatives in Quetta speak of witnessing attacks on Hazara civilians in the streets and of a climate of terror.Abdul Karim Hekmat reports that ‘over 500 Hazaras have been killed and over 1,500 injured as a result of targeted’ attacks in Pakistan since 2003. 22 Other sources cite even higher numbers. Failures of protection and continuing fear Afghanistan’s 2004 Constitution includes exemplary protection for human rights and Hazaras have gained prominent government positions. However, with critical failures to implement the rule of law beyond Kabul – or even maintain it in Kabul – reform has not translated to improved safety for Hazaras in remote villages. Insurgents do not recognise government law.Moreover, Afghani culture is bound up with traditions of governing and maintaining security through tribal and religious consensus, gained at district and community levels rather than through a centralised authority. In December 2009, the Karzai government also gazetted a law giving amnesty to all who committed war crimes in the past two decades of conflict, allowing alleged war criminals from various ethnicities to hold parliamentary positions with impunity. Professor William Maley cautions against ‘tokenism’, arguing that the inclusion of Hazaras within overnment has not brought about real changes. 23 History shows that the 1980s’ reforms which delivered greater equity for Hazaras did not stop the bloodshed which followed in the 1990s and beyond. That this is the sixth constitution since 1923 also exemplifies the fragility of Afghani reforms. Safety for minority groups requires broad social changes to address deeply-rooted tribal, religious and ethnic prejudices – this is something that will take years. The possibility of a Taliban alliance with international support, set against the draw-down of troops, causes terror among many Hazaras. 24In summarising why Hazaras risk their lives on boats, an Hazara refugee says: When the government and law enforcement agencies can’t provide protection, when your house [in Quetta or Afghanistan] is on fire, when your home country becomes hell for you, when you can’t go anywhere without the fear of being killed, when your religion and your facial features make you the easy target. When death is hovering over your head every day, then you don’t have options but to flee, seek refuge, knock at other people’s door for help, sit on a leaky boat, choose a dangerous journey that possibly leads to death.Today the Hazara Shias (boat people, the asylum seekers) are in a state of desperation and struggling for their survival as it is a basic human instinct. 25 Recommendations flee. I therefore make the following comments: Based on the continuing and unresolved history of bloodshed, Hazaras will continue to 1) Given the need for negotiation within a democratic process, I have reflected deeply on the current options being debated. However, we cannot participate in the ‘trade’ of 21 Shehzad Baloch, ‘Sectarian atrocity: 29 killed in Mastung, Quetta ambushes’, The Express Tribune, 21 September 2011, http://tribune. om. pk/story/256419/gunmen-attack-bus-in-balochistan-20killed/? print=true, accessed 22 September 2011. 22 ‘Shia pilgrims bus attacked by a rocket near Quetta, 13 martyred over 30 injured’, Jafria News, 29 June 2012, http://jafrianews. com/2012/06/29/shia-pilgrims-bus-attacked-by-a-rocket-near-quetta-13martyred-over-30-injured/, accessed 16 July 2012; ‘Hazara Shia community on strike over Quetta attacks’, BBC News, Asia, 29 June 2012, http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/world-asia-18640945, accessed 16 July 2012; ‘Blast kills 13, including Shia pilgrims, in Quetta’, Dawn. om, 28 June 2012, http://dawn. com/2012/06/28/eight-including-policeman-killed-in-quetta-blast/, accessed 16 July 2012; Hekmat, ‘Unsafe haven’, p. 22; In formal discussions with Australian Hazaras. 23 William Maley, Radio interview conducted by Geraldine Doogue, ‘Afghan Hazara’, Breakfast, ABC Radio National, 13 April 2010, http://www. abc. net. au/radionational/programs/breakfast/afghanhazara/3039616, accessed 16 June 2010; Una Moore, ‘UN human rights rep in Kabul calls for repeal of war crimes amnesty’, UN Dispatch, 30 March 2010, http://www. undispatch. om/un-human-rightsrep-in-kabul-calls-for-repeal-of-war-crimes-amnesty, accessed 11 June 2010; Department of Defense, Progress Toward Security and Stability in Afghanistan, p. 11; Shahmahmood Miakhel, ‘Understanding Afghanistan: The importance of tribal culture and structure in security and governance’, US Institute of Peace, November 2009, p. 1. 24 Sonya Hepinstall, ‘Holbrooke: Reformed Taliban in Afghan government not wrong’, Thomson Reuters, 6 June 2010, http://in. reuters. com/article/2010/06/07/idINIndia-49088220100607, access ed 18 June 2010. 25 Anonymous Hazara refugee, 29 June 2012. 9 0 Denise Phillips, revised 25 July 2012 human lives with the Malaysian option. I support the principle suggestions made in the Asylum Seeker Resource Centre’s submission and the Open Letter, so will not reiterate their points here. 2) Help educate parliamentarians and the public as to why refugees flee their homelands. Exercise clear leadership in depoliticising the debate. 3) Hazaras tell me they want peace and human rights in their homeland – only then will they stop fleeing. Hazaras have witnessed the brutal deaths of their family members, including fathers, mothers, siblings and children.Flight is accompanied by intense grief, trauma and longing. Waiting years for family reunions will drive loved ones to get on boats. Those left behind in Afghanistan not only face destitution, but are also often brutally targeted by warlords who learn that their husband, son or brother has fled to a Western country. In a recent case, the intimidation of a young Hazara refugee’s family members left in Jaghori resulted in an attack on the family home, killing an eight-monthold baby. I have witnessed refugees’ debilitating distress as they wait years

Oppressive Government Essay

As humans we have shared fundamental needs. Take personal survival as an example. To meet this need we must ensure our safety from the violence of each other and from the violence of people who are not members of our society. The mechanism to serve . . . this . . . goal is a government.’ Because I agree with Thomas Attig, I must affirm the topic that ‘an oppressive government is more desirable than no government.’ Before I continue, I’d like to define a few key terms in the topic. [All definitions are from American Heritage.] Oppressive is defined as unjust or difficult to bear. Government is the exercise of authority in a political unit. Desirable is defined as worth having or seeking, as by being useful or advantageous. Since the topic asks us to evaluate the most desirable situation for humanity, my Value Premise is Individual Welfare. In order to achieve individual welfare, my criteria are 1)The preservation of social order 2)The fulfillment of fundamental needs. The only way in which to ensure individual welfare is to maintain societal stability while at the same time protecting the individual. My first contention is that an oppressive government is more desirable than no government because government, in any form, provides certain advantages that are impossible for the state of nature to provide. (1)First of all, a government provides individuals with external security. In other words, the mere existence of a government allows for society as a whole to have a defense mechanism against foreign powers because a  government must provide such protection in order to preserve itself. The absence of a government, however, would leave individuals defenseless from outside aggressors. Any government, oppressive or not, provides for this basic external security, which is a prerequisite to securing fundamental needs. (2)Secondly, government possesses the ability to maintain order within society. As Austin Fagothey states ‘Anarchists think that society can get along without authority, but this opinion is too optimistic; for what is socially good for us is not known equally for all; benefits and burdens must be distributed to all, and someone must choose among various means the ones to be cooperatively used.’ Thus even if a government is oppressive, it still acts as an enforcement mechanism by regulating interaction between individuals and preventing them from encroaching on each other’s rights, therefore securing a greater degree of freedom for individuals. George Crowder concurs that ‘Government is able to secure an area of free choice by forcibly preventing others from encroaching upon it.’ In contrast, the state of nature lacks this common judge to settle disputes and is therefore perpetually insecure for individuals. Even if some order exists without government, it cannot be maintained for any significant period of time because conflicts will inevitably occur over finite resources. Thus oppressive governments provide for the protection of fundamental needs that individuals lack in the state of nature due to the lack of adjudication. (3)Third, individuals are generally guaranteed a minimal protection of life under an oppressive government. Oppressive governments are not primarily concerned with taking away life because by systematically killing all of their subjects, such governments would be diminishing their own power. A. John Simmons agrees that ‘the attempt to get another in one’s power indicates precisely an intention not to kill but rather only to control or use another in some way . . .. [This attempt] shows a design only on their freedom, not on their lives (since [individuals] are valueless without their lives).’ Although oppressive governments have been known to violate life in certain instances, individuals can avoid such persecution by not speaking out against the government. Thus individuals at least know how to secure  their rights under oppression whereas in the state of nature, no such method to protect rights exists. Oppressive systems therefore generally ensure protection of life because individuals know how to avoid any governmental encroachments. Thus society under an oppressive government is more desirable because it ensures a minimum protection of rights that the negative can in no way ensure. My second contention is that an oppressive government is more desirable than no government because society with an oppressive government is more conducive to reform. If we examine the topic, oppression is going to occur on both sides. Thus it’s important to weigh the risks involved. (1)First of all, an oppressive system possesses more potential for reform. Under an oppressive government, all individuals know who their common enemy is, and they are aware of the origin of the threat to their liberty. Simply because of this awareness, individuals are able to unite more effectively against this one consolidation of power. Vicente Medina explains that in an oppressive government, ‘we would be able to appeal to those [established] rules without resulting to violence, whereas under an anarchical state of affairs the actual threat of violence would undermine the development of an ethical and legal community, and consequently the development of our moral capacities.’ [Moreover, the oppression invoked by a government may be merely short term.] Thus more potential for change exists under an oppressive government because it would be much easier to reform the existing system than it would be to create an entirely new system. (2)(2) Secondly, the state of nature, in contrast, has more potential for oppression. The absence of a government allows for conflicts to exist on many levels. Individuals, groups, and organizations would constantly be involved in variety of struggles, and each group would be vying for its own selfish interests. The state of nature is therefore characterized by a lack of unity. Because individuals are so divided in this state of nature, it becomes virtually impossible to unite and achieve a consensus on establishing a government. Thus the lack of unification hinders the pursuit of establishing a just system. Individuals’ needs and the social structure  are therefore best protected under an oppressive government, which possesses a greater possibility for reform, therefore ensuring a great degree of individual welfare.

The Leadership Style Associated With Each Theorist

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Abraham Maslow: Sone and Patterson (2005), stated how Maslow used his work to develop how his employees’ intrinsic and extrinsic needs could, and should, be met simultaneously. Maslow provided insights into the goals and incentives that tend to satisfy a worker’s needs. This can be concluded that people have two categories of needs, the first need is hygiene, and the second need motivators. Maslow made a realization that both the hygiene, and motivators needs need to be addressed simultaneously (p. 2). I believe that Maslow leadership style would fallShow MoreRelatedLeadership Styles: Robert R. Blake and Jane S. Mouton Essay868 Words   |  4 PagesThe managerial grid A particular approach to the idea of leadership style is provided by ROBERT R. Blake and JANE S. Mouton. Blake and mouton managerial grid will be showed in the figure below reflect a theme that is common in many approach to leadership. That theme is that effective leadership requires attention to both task and people. 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